动物干扰素原核表达及其产物制备方法研究进展

文章对重组动物干扰素基因序列的改造、原核表达条件的筛选、原核表达产物制备方法的研究及大规模生产工艺的研发等方面的发展状况进行了概述,旨在为其大规模生产提供一定的理论依据。     

Collective management on communal grazing lands: Its impact on vegetation attributes and soil erosion in the upper Blue Nile basin,northwestern Ethiopia

Collective action, on communal grazing land, has evolved in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia to mitigate the problems of feed shortage and land degradation due to overgrazing. The exercise is liked by farmers for improving the availability of natural pasture during the long dry season when other feed sources get depleted. However, large portions of the communal grazing lands are still managed under free grazing throughout the year. This study was undertaken in Maynet village in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia, to assess the impacts of three different types of grazing land management (GLM) and two slope gradients (<10%; 15–25%) on aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, ground cover, species richness, runoff, soil loss and soil bulk density of grazing lands. The GLMs include (a) freely open communal GLM, (b) restricted communal GLM – collective management of communal grazing land locally named as ‘yebere sar’ and (c) private holding GLM. Stocking density was more than carrying capacity of grazing lands across all GLMs. However, the extent of overstocking problem was exceptionally severe in freely open communal GLM. The interaction between GLM and slope was significant (P<0.05) for runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient. The average runoff coefficient was close to 50% in freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes (15–25%). Freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes resulted in consistently highest cumulative runoff and soil loss amounting to 491 mm and 32 t/ha per year, respectively. Polynomial regression analysis showed that quadratic relationship (r²=0.87) existed between soil loss and runoff. But, soil loss was close to nil when runoff did not exceed 2 mm per rainfall event. As expected, restricted communal GLM appeared to reduce surface runoff by more than 40% and curb the rate of soil erosion by more than 50% compared to freely open communal GLM. Its vegetation cover persisted above 70% throughout the year, meeting the threshold level recommended to keep surface runoff and soil loss to minimum. Reducing the problem of overstocking and pasture resting in August–November are important components to improve ground cover and aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, which in turn reduce land degradation on grazing lands.     

酶制剂在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

酶制剂作为3大绿色饲料添加剂（益生素、中草药、酶制剂）之一，能够部分解决饲料资源不足的难题，它的研究、开发与应用已成为动物营养界关注的一个热点；作者综述了酶制剂在畜牧生产应用中的最新研究进展，并初步提出酶制剂开发利用的研究重点。     

酶制剂在鸡饲料中的科学应用

根据国外近年来有关酶制剂在改善饲料利用效率、提高家禽生产性能、减少疾病和改善禽舍环境等方面的实验结果。结合我国养鸡生产实际,从配合饲料的原料学特性、主要营养素的含量、鸡群的生理状况以及饲料的加工调制方法等方面阐述了提高酶制剂使用效果的原理和方法,对国内养鸡生产中合理使用酶制剂起到一定的指导作用。     

An animal model for interface tissue formation in cemented hip replacements

OBJECTIVE: To create a model in sheep for investigation of early changes related to the formation of an interface membrane in hip prosthesis. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Twenty-four female adult Swiss Alpine sheep. METHODS: Sheep were divided into 2 groups of 12 for unilateral cemented total hip arthroplasty. In Group I, the prosthesis was fixed with retrograde cement gun injection to achieve a complete cement mantle, whereas in Group II a primary cement mantle defect was produced. Groups I and II were further divided into 2 sub-groups with study end points of 2 and 8.5 months after surgery. Radiographs were evaluated postoperatively and at euthanasia for migration of the femoral component and bone resorption. Histologic sections were evaluated semiquantitatively for changes in cell types and numbers, and bone reactions; and quantitatively for size of interface membrane and new bone formation. RESULTS: Radiographically, there tended to be an increase in bone resorption and periosteal bone formation throughout the femoral shaft in Group II compared with Group I, but this was only statistically significant at the region of the femoral neck (R5) at both time periods (P<.05). Semiquantitative histologic evaluation revealed significant increases (P<.05) in cellularity, numbers of fibroblasts, giant cells, macrophages, and mononuclear cells, in Group II primarily at 2 months after surgery. This was also true for interface membrane formation and bone remodeling. Quantitative data showed an increased in the size of the interface membrane and area of bone formation at 8.5 months in Group II. CONCLUSIONS: The cement defect model offered controlled and repeatable production of an interface membrane. The results suggest that a primary cement mantle defect could be a possible trigger for implant instability, eliciting a cascade of biomechanical and molecular events in bone tissue leading to aseptic loosening. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results show the effect of defects in the cement mantle in promoting interface membrane formation. Long-term and biochemical studies are required to evaluate the relevance of this interface membrane formation.     

黄河源区"黑土滩"退化草地群落类型多样性及其群落结构研究

调查了黄河源区高寒草甸极度退化产物“黑土滩”植被群落类型多样性及其群落结构特征。结果表明,分布在黄河源区高寒草甸上的“黑土滩”草地植被可分为7个类型,分别为:黄帚橐吾 铁棒棰群落、白苞筋骨草群落、铁棒棰群落、西伯利亚蓼 鹅绒委陵菜群落、摩苓草群落、甘青微孔草群落和甘肃马先蒿群落。从群落结构和已有的研究结果看,黄河源区所有类型的“黑土滩”草地都完全失去了牧用价值,短期内自然恢复的物质基础也已丧失,该类草地的恢复治理必须通过人工植被的重建来实现。     

天津地区草坪草褐斑病菌生物学特性及生物防治

以纯化的草坪褐斑病病原RH2 Rhizoctonia solani为试验菌株,对其生长的温度、pH值、碳源等生物学特性进行研究,并针对目前化学药剂频繁使用的现状,对生产上经常使用的生防药剂进行室内筛选。生物学特性研究表明：褐斑病菌生长适宜温度约30 ℃,适宜pH值6.5～7.5,适宜碳源为蔗糖、可溶性淀粉或乳糖。室内7种生防药剂筛选表明：尼索和特立克的抑菌效果最好,盆栽防治试验结果表明,尼索1 500倍处理防效为72.51％,特立克600倍防效为76.94％。     

桑椹与叶片蛋白质双向电泳样品制备方法的比较试验

为建立适合于桑树蛋白质组研究的双向电泳技术体系,以桑品种"大10"的桑椹与叶片为材料,探讨了桑树蛋白质不同提取方法对凝胶电泳效果的影响。结果表明,改良酚提取法与常规的SDS提取法、尿素/硫脲提取法相比,电泳图谱清晰,分离效果良好,能检测到更多的蛋白质组分,适用于桑椹与叶片蛋白质IPG-IEF/SDS-PAGE双向电泳及SDS-PAGE电泳的样品制备。     

六种哺乳动物细胞系染色体制片条件优化研究

为提高胞核学检验的检查效率,采用6种具有种属代表性的常用传代细胞系对影响检验的关键步骤(染色体制片条件)进行优化,并对这六种传代细胞系的染色体数目进行了统计。实验以CHO、BHK-21、ST、OA3.Ts、MDBK、RK-13六种疫苗生产中常用的传代细胞系作为材料,对影响染色体制片效果几个主要条件(秋水仙素浓度、KCl浓度及低渗处理时间)进行了优化,并对这六种细胞染色体数目分布进行了检查。结果发现,在细胞用25 cm~2细胞培养瓶1∶2比例传代24～48 h时,秋水仙素浓度为1μg/mL,处理60 min后处在中期分裂相的细胞最多,视野中染色体长度适中;用0.4%KCl溶液低渗处理40 min,细胞中染色体在载玻片上形态最佳,分散度最好。优化后的染色体制片条件,可适用于多种细胞的染色体制片,结果重复性好,染色体形态和分散度均满足胞核学检验要求,可为胞核学检验的流程标准化制定提供有益参考。