Forest clearance: impact of landuse change on fertility status of soils from the São Francisco area of Niterói,Brazil

Soil samples were collected from topsoil and subsoil beneath secondary coastal rainforest and from areas which had undergone forest clearance over periods from less than one year to five years. Soils are characterized using total element, particle size and mineralogical analyses and fertility studies examined parameters associated with the exchange complex of the topsoil horizon. Changes in these parameters less than one year after forest clearance are shown as significant increases in pH, organic carbon, available cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), available P, total N and effective CEC with exchangeable Al being reduced to zero concentration. However, two and five years after clearance, nutrient concentrations decreased to deficient levels and low pH and organic matter resulted in Al and Mn being potentially toxic to plant growth. Brief reference is made to the Fertility Capability Soil Classification System (FCC) as a means of assessing fertility status. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

配合间隙对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵流场特性的影响

直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵是液压系统中的关键组件,因其高效的压力输送特性而广泛应用于工程领域。本文采用计算流体动力学模拟方法对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵进行研究,分析轴向间隙和径向间隙对齿轮泵泄漏和流场的影响。研究结果表明：配合间隙的变化对齿轮泵的流场特性产生广泛影响,轴向间隙是引发泄漏的主要因素,约占总泄漏量的80%;当轴向间隙由0.03 mm增加到0.07 mm后,输出流量减少20.81%,平均压力下降33.15%,空化产生的气体体积分数增加0.021;而设置相同径向间隙后,输出流量仅下降0.69%,平均压力下降2.76%,空化产生的气体体积分数增加0.005。此外,导致泵内流速变化的主要配合间隙是轴向间隙,适当减小轴向间隙可提升泵内的流体速度,从而提升泵的整体效率。     

Improvement of bacterial clearance and relief of clinical signs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in pigs through upregulation of Th 1-specific responses by administration of a combination of two silicate minerals,biotite and bentonite

Biotite and bentonite are phyllosilicate minerals that were originally used in industrial applications. Several beneficial activities of them have recently been reported, especially regulation of the immune system and antimicrobial effects. Therefore, we investigated the immune-enhancing and bacterial clearance effects of a biotite and bentonite mixture (BBM) on experimental infection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) to determine whether the BBM could be used as an alternative antibiotic. We administered 1% or 2% BBM as a feed supplement. We then evaluated the bacterial clearance effects of the BBM against S. Typhimurium. We also evaluated the immune-enhancing effect of the BBM through several immunological experiments that included examination of the lysozyme activity, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T lymphocyte ratio and the T-helper type 1 (Th 1) cytokine profile. The clinical signs of S. Typhimurium and the number of viable bacteria in feces and tissues were significantly decreased in both BBM groups, especially in the 2% BBM group. The BBM also markedly enhanced the lysozyme activity, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T lymphocyte ratio and expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 in S. Typhimurium-challenged pigs. Therefore, the BBM could be a good candidate as an alternative antibiotic that improves Th 1-specific immune responses and the bacterial clearance effect.     

限界检测车在南京地铁10号线贯通测量中的运用

对限界检测车原理、工作方式等进行了介绍,并结合南京地铁10号线的工期、线路长度、冷热滑时间安排等因素,首次把限界检测车引入到了南京地铁限界检测中,实现了对整个南京地铁10号线全线区间及城西路停车场的快速、准确检测,使南京地铁10号线在通车之后未发生一起电客车擦碰事件,保证了运营安全.     

五加芪水煎液对小鼠免疫功能的影响

旨在研究五加芪水煎液对小鼠免疫功能的影响。将6周龄雌性昆明小鼠随机分成正常小鼠组(正常对照,高、中、低剂量组)和免疫抑制小鼠组(正常对照,Hy+蒸馏水组,Hy+高剂量组,Hy+中剂量组,Hy+低剂量组),连续灌胃7d,测定小鼠免疫器官指数、碳粒廓清指数、血清溶血素水平和脾内抗体形成细胞(PFC)的变化。结果表明,高、中剂量五加芪水煎液可显著提高正常小鼠脾指数(P0.01),各给药组均能显著提高正常小鼠胸腺指数(P0.01或P0.05)和碳粒廓清指数(P0.01),高剂量五加芪水煎液能显著提高正常小鼠血清溶血素水平(P0.01),各给药组均对正常小鼠脾内抗体形成细胞数量无明显影响(P0.05)。各剂量五加芪水煎液均使免疫抑制小鼠脾指数、胸腺指数、碳粒廓清指数、血清溶血素水平和脾内抗体形成细胞数量显著提高(与Hy+蒸馏水组相比,P0.01或P0.05),且恢复至正常水平(与正常组相比,P0.05)。     

Lateral resistance of anchor-bolt joints between timber sills and foundations II. Effective lateral resistance of multiple anchor-bolt joints

Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to estimate the effective lateral resistance of multiple anchor-bolt joints with ordinary specifications of Japanese post and beam constructions. Basic lateral load-slip curves of single anchor-bolt joints required in the simulations were determined from the test results of our earlier report. The effective lateral resistance of multiple anchor-bolt joints was estimated for some combinations of loading direction, length/diameter ratio of anchor bolts, lead-hole clearance, and number of anchor bolts. The principal results of the simulations are: (1) anchor-bolt joints loaded perpendicular to lateral forces are not recommended to be counted as supplementary resisting elements because their supplementary shares are far less than those expected from their allowable lateral resistance; (2) multiple anchor-bolt joints with small length/diameter ratios have comparatively lower effective resistance ratios than multiple anchor-bolt joints with large length/diameter ratios; (3) the effective resistance of multiple anchor-bolt joints is affected not only by lead-hole clearance or number of bolts but also variance of load-slip characteristics of single anchor-bolt joints. Part of this work was presented at WCTE2004, Lahti, June 2004     

生态型林地清理对杉木生长及物种多样性的影响

研究了采伐迹地采取生态型林地清理方式对杉木生长及物种多样性的影响.结果表明:1～2 a生采取生态型林地清理方式杉木生长小于没采取生态型林地清理方式的对照林分,3 a生基本接近,5 a生采取生态型林地清理方式的大于对照林分.15a生时采取生态型林地清理方式的林分平均胸径、平均树高和单位蓄积分别是对照林分的110.5%、125.9%和143.1%;采取生态型林地清理方式的林分土壤肥力及物种多样性均比对照林分高.     

小型气液射流泵最佳几何参数的数值模拟

对气液射流泵的工作流体为气体,引射流体为液体的特点,参考一般射流泵的研究方法,对气液射流泵在不同喉嘴距和面积比下的性能进行了数值模拟分析。固定工作气体压力和扬程,以气液射流泵引射流体流量的能力为参考依据,判断出气液射流泵的最佳喉嘴距和最佳面积比。结果表明,喉嘴距和面积比参数对泵引射流体的能力有很大影响,当喉嘴距为1倍喷嘴直径、面积比m为4时,气液射流泵的引射流量最大为0.6 L/Min。并且将数值分析结果和试验结果进行了对比,吻合较好,说明数值计算是可靠的。     

基于LiDAR扫描的高地隙宽幅喷雾机变量施药系统研制

为提高甘蔗等高茎秆作物的机械化病虫害防治水平,解决普通喷雾机进地困难、农药用量大且利用率低等问题,该研究研制了一套基于三维LiDAR实时扫描的高地隙宽幅喷雾机变量施药系统。该系统搭载的喷雾机作业幅宽24 m、地隙1.35 m,喷杆喷雾高度在0.5～2.5 m可调。变量施药系统采用16线激光雷达传感器,对作物的三维信息实时探测,安装于机具后端的脉宽调制（PWM,Pulse-Width Modulation）控制器从CAN总线上获取喷雾机的速度信息并传递给计算机,采用Python控制程序,融合激光雷达数据与实时速度信息绘制喷雾量处方图并发送给PWM控制器。建立了作物冠层高度与施药量之间的数学模型,根据作物冠层所需要的喷雾量,由控制器控制电磁阀的开闭实现精准变量施药。系统组装完成后,在甘蔗地进行田间试验测试。结果显示：激光雷达能够准确识别甘蔗株高,最大识别误差为8.42%,最小识别误差为0.17%,平均误差为4.59%,激光雷达将识别到的株高信息准确传递给变量施药系统。变量系统开启后,喷雾机会根据株高变化实时改变喷雾量,雾滴沉积密度满足相关标准要求。在变量施药条件下,植株上中下3层的雾滴沉积密度变异系数均小于15%,满足喷雾机(器)作业质量标准要求,机具整体作业性能良好。变量施药时布样区施药总量为56.43 L, 相比常量施药的施药总量78.96 L,减少农药用量22.53 L,减幅28.5%。该研究可为高茎秆作物病虫害高效精准防治提供新的思路和方法,为新型精准变量施药机械的结构设计和高效施药技术性能优化提供参考。     

4种滤食性贝类滤水率的测定

用室内流水方法测定了不同规格紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、太平洋牡蛎和紫石房蛤的滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率。试验结果表明:(1)紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、太平洋牡蛎和紫石房蛤的滤水率(叶绿素)分别为(0.390±0.098)L/(g.h),(0.362±0.064)L/(g.h),(0.204±0.046)L/(g.h)和(0.041±0.008)L/(g.h);有机颗粒物(POM)分别为(0.4816±0.0821)L/(g.h),(0.3356±0.0305)L/(g.h),(0.1535±0.0428)L/(g.h)和(0.0790±0.0165)L/(g.h)。(2)每隔12 h出现滤食高峰和低谷,紫贻贝和菲律宾蛤仔到达高峰后下降慢,上升快,太平洋牡蛎和紫石房蛤则与之相反。(3)滤水率与体重呈负幂函数关系:CR'=aWb(b<0),紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、太平洋牡蛎和紫石房蛤的b值分别为-0.4211,-0.3374,-0.3252和-0.3137;耗氧率分别为(1.453±0.124)mg/(g.h)、(0.653±0.083)mg/(g.h)、(0.066±0.011)mg/(g.h)和(0.022±0.010)mg/(g.h)。菲律宾蛤仔和太平洋牡蛎的耗氧率和排氨率随个体增大而下降。