Use of a three-blood-sample plasma clearance technique to measure GFR in horses

Measurement of renal function in horses poses a particular challenge because plasma creatinine is influenced by muscle mass which is highly developed and variable between individuals, while conventional clearance methods involve potentially daunting problems, particularly urine collection and bladder washout. This paper provides data which enable technetium-diethyleneaminopentacetic acid (Tc-DTPA) clearance to be used to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR)/extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) as an expression of GFR in horses, as previously validated in humans, dogs and calves. Apart from being arguably a more physiological expression of GFR than using derivatives of body weight, the use of GFR/ECFV eliminates a source of delay and error, namely measurement of the injected dose, and offers the convenience of requiring only three blood samples. It therefore has advantages for both research and clinical applications.     

IOHEXOL PLASMA CLEARANCE IN HEALTHY DOGS AND CATS

Iohexol plasma clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration was determined in 31 dogs and 19 cats after an intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection. All animals were healthy and privately owned. Serial blood samples were taken before and up to 4 h after tracer injection. Iohexol plasma concentration was determined using X-ray fluorescence. A plasma tracer elimination curve was generated and clearance was calculated by dividing the injected dose by the area under the curve estimated using a two-compartment pharmacological model. Clearance was normalized to body weight (BW), body surface area (BSA), and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV). Mean, SD, and coefficient of variation of plasma clearance, before and after normalization, were calculated. Linear regression analyses were performed between body size and normalized plasma clearances. No significant linear relation was found between BSA and clearance normalized to BSA in dogs, and between BSA, BW, ECFV and clearance normalized to BSA, BW, and ECFV in cats. The optimal method for normalization of iohexol plasma clearance in dogs was by using BSA. In cats, all three methods tested were considered satisfactory. Normalization to BSA appears to be superior to normalization to BW and ECFV in dogs, and can be recommended for clinical use.     

食糜在鸡、鸭消化道排空速度的比较研究

为阐明鸡、鸭对营养物质利用率差异的原因，研究了禽别（公鸡和公鸭）和消化道排空期（4、8、14、24、32、38、48 h）对消化道残留内容物含量的影响，比较食糜在鸡和鸭消化道不同部位的排空速度和排空率。结果表明：鸭排空速度比鸡快,但鸭消化道总残留干物质量和各段消化道残留干物质量都较鸡高；食糜在鸭小肠、直肠及整个消化道的排空率低于鸡的；鸭在强饲后24 h，鸡在32 h其内容物基本排空。在本试验条件下，用Sibbald的TME法测定饲料代谢能和氨基酸真消化率时，鸡的排空期定为32 h，鸭的排空期定为24 h为宜。     

多脂鳞伞菌丝体多糖抗肿瘤活性研究

多脂鳞伞[Pholiota adiposa(Fr.)Quel.]菌丝体多糖溶液给S-180荷瘤小鼠连续灌胃10d后,测定对荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率、碳粒廓清指数、小鼠外周血肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白介素-2(IL-2)含量的影响。结果发现,多脂鳞伞菌丝体多糖对荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的抑瘤率为39.54%,并可提高小鼠碳粒廓清指数,血清中IL-2和TNF-α的含量也明显提高。结果提示,多脂鳞伞菌丝体多糖抑制荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长可能与增强宿主的免疫功能相关。     

不同叶顶间隙下的轴流泵内部流场数值计算

基于标准k-ε双方程湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,采用结构化网格技术,对轴流泵分别为0.15,0.50,1.00,2.00 mm的叶顶间隙进行了多工况数值模拟,讨论了不同叶顶间隙大小对泵性能的影响,并分析了叶轮出口轴面速度、出口环量的分布以及叶顶泄漏流和泄漏涡随叶顶间隙的变化情况.数值计算结果表明,当叶顶间隙超过0.50 mm时,泵性能下降的幅度明显增大;叶轮出口轴面速度在轮毂壁面和叶顶间隙处减小,而环量增加;叶顶间隙越大,轴面速度和环量受泄漏流的影响越大;通过数值模拟捕捉到不同间隙下叶顶泄漏流和泄漏涡,分析得出泄漏涡是由于泄漏流与主流发生卷吸作用而形成的,且泄漏涡在流道内的运动轨迹与叶顶间隙大小关系密切.     

甲醛清除触媒在清除人造板中游离甲醛的试验研究

清除人造板中甲醛的后处理试验结果表明,喷涂甲醛清除触媒后的人造板物理力学性能没有明显变化,甲醛清除触媒对不同种类人造板释放出的甲醛清除效果相同,E3级胶合板喷涂甲醛清除触媒后的甲醛释放量小于（等于）0.12mg/L,清除率大于99．08％。     

游隙对双列调心球轴承静力学性能影响及游隙控制分析

为了分析游隙对轴承静力学性能的影响,基于赫兹弹性接触原理和变形协调原理,且在考虑初始游隙和实际接触角变化的前提下,建立了双列调心球轴承在径向和轴向联合载荷下的静力学数学模型。对静力学平衡方程和未知变量的可行域进行分析,提出基于Broyden秩1拟牛顿迭代法的数值求解流程。以调心球轴承BRF12为例,建立其非线性静力学平衡方程组并求解,分析轴承初始游隙对内、外圈相对位移、轴承刚度、负荷分布、实际接触角等的影响情况。分析得出游隙是影响调心球轴承品质的关键因素,需严格控制。分析各游隙及和接触角的几何关系,进而得到各游隙的简单计算公式,提出游隙尺寸控制和测量方法。研究结果可为新型双列调心球轴承的额定静、动载荷计算、动力学分析和优化设计等提供理论参考和依据。     

Effect of probiotics on immune competence of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

This study evaluates the effect of probiotics, Zymetin, on the immune efficiency of Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile against pathogenic Vibriospp. and Aeromonasspp. The experiment was conducted in glass aquaria with same level of feeding under different treatments, that is, negative control (Cn), positive control with Vibrio spp. (Cv) and Aeromonasspp. (Ca), prawn juveniles fed with probiotics (Zymetin) at 5 g/kg of feed but without pathogen (T1), probiotic fed prawn challenged with Vibrio spp. (T2) and Aeromonasspp. (T3). The results demonstrated that T1 showed higher survival rate, total haemocyte count, non‐granular haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency compared to other treatment groups. In contrast, decreased number of small and large granular haemocyte was observed in T1. Despite that, THC was found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) among all the controls and lowest was in Cv, followed by Ca. Besides, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio spp. and Aeromonasspp. decreased significantly in Cn, Ca, and Cv fed M. rosenbergiijuvenile, while the values were found to be higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3, in that order. In addition, the challenge test showed an increasing trend of total and beneficial bacterial density as well as declining trend of some harmful bacteria in the water and gut of prawn in all the groups tested (p < 0.05).     

长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体在摄食和代谢方面的比较

为探究长牡蛎壳黑选育品系优良性状的生理学基础,采用实验生态学方法比较研究了长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体在不同温度和盐度下的摄食和代谢差异。结果显示,在16~32 ℃范围内,温度对长牡蛎滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响。随温度升高,两群体滤水率先增加后降低。野生群体滤水率在24 ℃达到最大值,壳黑品系在28 ℃达到最大值。两群体耗氧率和排氨率均随温度升高呈增加趋势,并未发现显著性转折点。长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体间滤水率和排氨率差异显著,壳黑品系滤水率均高于野生群体,耗氧率均低于野生群体,且在32 ℃壳黑品系排氨率显著低于野生群体。在盐度15~35范围内,盐度对长牡蛎滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响。随盐度升高,两群体的滤水率、耗氧率和排氨率总体均呈先增加后降低的趋势。长牡蛎壳黑选育品系和野生群体间滤水率差异显著,壳黑品系滤水率均高于野生群体,且在盐度15~25条件下壳黑品系排氨率均低于野生群体。两群体O:N值均在16 ℃和盐度35组最大,温度升高或盐度降低均会致使两群体O:N值下降。温度实验中,在32 ℃时,野生群体O:N最低值为7.57,壳黑品系O:N值变化范围为10.52~29.31。盐度实验中,在盐度20时,野生群体O:N最低值为9.10,壳黑品系O:N值变化范围为11.51~22.98。研究表明,相较于野生群体,长牡蛎壳黑选育品系更能适应高温和低盐环境,而较高的摄食率和较低的代谢率可为其提供更多的能量用于生长。     

高地隙自走式植保机械喷杆系统结构优化与研究

我国植保机械相对国外较落后,存在农药利用率低、劳动强度大及农民中毒现象频发等问题。为此,对高地隙自走式植保机械喷杆系统结构做了简要叙述,并对喷杆展开机构进行了自由度分析计算及运动学理论分析;同时,运用ADAMS仿真软件对喷杆展开机构进行了运动学仿真分析,提出了将液压缸替换为电推杆的优化方案,并对优化后的方案进行了运动学仿真分析。结果表明:优化后的展开性能明显提高,这一改进为自走式植保机械的进一步发展提供了依据。