Effects of Fermented Green Juice and Cellulase on the Fermentation Quality of Rice Straw Silage and Rice Straw with Sugarcane Tip Mixed Silage

Rice straw and sugarcane tip were used as the silage materials in this research,and there were two groups:Rice straw silage and mixed silage of rice straw and sugarcane tip with the mixed ratio 6:4(m/m).Four treatment groups were set up in each silage:Control group (CON) and three treatment groups which added 2 mL/kg fermented green juice (FGJ),3 mL/kg cellulase (CEL) and 2 mL/kg FGJ+3 mL/kg CEL (MIX),and treatment was repeated 3 times. The materials were ensiled at room temperature for 60 days,and the fermentation quality and chemical compositions were tested. The result showed that for the two kinds of raw silage materials,the contents of WSC and CP in rice straw were lower than those in sugarcane tip,while the contents of NDF and ADF in rice straw were higher than those of sugarcane tip.Compared with the CON group,the NDF,ADF,pH and NH₃-N in FGJ group were extremely significantly decreased when rice straw was silaged alone (P<0.01),while WSC was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),and DMR was increased. The NDF,ADF,pH,GLR and NH₃-N in MIX group were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),while lactic acid,WSC and DMR were increased. In CEL group, the ADF was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and other indicators also had improved in different degrees. Compared with rice straw silage,the NDF,HC,pH and NH₃-N of mixed silage were lower,while DMR and WSC were obviously increased. In conclusion,the fermented green juice and it compound with cellulase had the similar effects on improving the fermentation quality,and the effects were both better than that of cellulase. The fermentation quality of rice straw with sugarcane tip mixed silage was better than rice straw silage.     

不同添加剂处理对小麦秸黄贮饲料发酵品质的影响

为研究纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂以及尿素对小麦秸黄贮饲料品质的影响,分别设不同的处理组及对照进行小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵试验。实验Ⅰ结果表明:尿素单独添加、尿素和纤维素酶混合添加显著提高粗蛋白的含量,尿素和乳酸菌制剂、以及尿素与乳酸菌制剂和纤维素酶混合添加都不能得到品质较好的小麦秸黄贮饲料。实验Ⅱ结果表明:各添加剂处理均显著降低黄贮饲料的pH值和中性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.05),显著提高乳酸、总酸和粗蛋白含量(P<0.05);添加剂处理能够明显改善小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵品质,提高小麦秸的饲用价值。纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂同时添加时,小麦秸黄贮饲料品质最好。     

稻秸秆编织机自动摊铺分束装置设计与试验

针对平面式草帘编织机人工摊铺秸秆上料用工量大等问题,该文通过模拟稻秸秆人工摊薄、铺放的作业过程,研制了一种与现有草帘编织机配套使用的自动摊铺分束装置。该装置采用多连杆对切机构和耙分机构,可对稻秸秆进行"对搓"摊薄、"耙分"成束铺匀,并利用ADAMS软件对关键部件进行运动分析和参数确定。样机摊铺分束及编织试验结果表明:自动摊铺分束装置铺放秸秆厚度均值小于40 mm,满足后续编织要求;与平面式草帘编织机配套使用时,当机针针织频率fz=0.8 Hz,编织速度vb=90 m/h,设定摊铺装置对切机构的工作频率ft=0.8 Hz,分束装置耙分机构的工作频率fp=1.13 Hz,测得摊铺分束过程中秸秆的分束率Fs为92.12%,漏编率Lb小于5.44‰。编织的草帘质量满足使用要求;在同一编织速度条件下,该装置的使用较传统的人工上料方式减少用工2人,可提高单机作业年均收入近8 640元。     

基于GF-1影像的沿淮地区冬季耕地撂荒遥感调查应用

耕地作为一种稀缺资源对国家和农民来说都具有极其重要的意义,但随着市场经济的深入和农村经济的发展,农村耕地撂荒现象时有发生,撂荒耕地必然导致土地资源浪费,影响到中国粮食安全和农民增收,也不利于农村经济社会稳定发展。沿淮地区是安徽省乃至全国重要的商品粮生产基地,但近年来冬季撂荒情况日益严重。该文拟选取安徽省霍邱县,利用2015、2016、2017三年冬小麦生长期内的GF-1卫星16 m多光谱影像,提取霍邱县冬季作物种植的空间分布和面积,通过多年数据对比,来分析霍邱县近年冬季耕地撂荒情况。结果显示:2015、2016、2017三个年度冬小麦种植面积分别为937.72,821.79,608.91km~2。参照2015年度冬小麦种植情况,2016年度冬季撂荒面积115.93 km~2、占比12.36%,2017年度冬季撂荒面积328.81 km~2、占比35.06%。结合实地调研分析,霍邱县近年来冬季撂荒面积不断增大的的主要原因有农田排灌等水利设施不足、稻茬麦效益低、外出务工等。而2017年度撂荒面积明显增加的直接原因是冬小麦播种期间,出现连续阴雨异常天气,低洼地区田间积水严重,致使冬小麦无法播种,被动撂荒。该文的研究可以为沿淮地区冬季撂荒遥感调查提供技术参考。     

双螺旋旋耕埋草模型刀辊工作扭矩试验

为研究双螺旋旋耕埋草刀辊对水田土壤耕整时的工作性能,以相似原理为理论依据,基于LabVIEW搭建扭矩测试平台,制作与原型大小比例为1∶2的模型刀辊,以工作扭矩为评价指标,以土壤含水率、前进速度、刀辊转速和耕深为试验因素,在室内土槽条件下对该模型刀辊的工作扭矩进行研究。单因素试验结果表明:在试验范围内,模型刀辊的工作扭矩随前进速度的增加而增大,随刀辊转速的增加而减小。选取L18(37)正交表,开展上述4因素对模型刀辊工作扭矩影响的正交试验,极差结果显示,土壤含水率、耕深、前进速度及刀辊转速对模型刀辊的工作扭矩的影响程度依次降低,方差分析结果显示,土壤含水率、耕深、前进速度对工作扭矩有极显著的影响,刀辊转速对工作扭矩影响不显著。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

红壤旱地施用保水剂和稻草覆盖对花生生长和产量的效应

在江西丘陵红壤坡地上进行的试验结果表明:施用保水剂和稻草覆盖均可促进花生的生长发育,明显提高花生的产量,但对花生的出苗率影响不大.施用保水剂、覆盖稻草以及两者叠加处理分别比空白对照增加花生产量26.6%、7.69%和29.1%,其中以单施保水剂处理的经济效益最佳,比对照增加纯收入6330.60元/hm2.     

青贮甘蔗尾、青贮玉米秸秆对生长水牛生长性能、消化代谢及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究青贮甘蔗尾(sugarcane tops silage,SS)和青贮玉米秸秆(corn straw silage,CS)对生长水牛生长性能、消化代谢及血液生化指标的影响。试验1:选择21头体重、胎次相同或相近的6月龄生长水牛,随机分为3个组,分别饲喂SS+精料、CS+精料、SS+CS+精料,进行为期30 d饲养试验。试验2:另选6头体重、胎次相同或相近的6月龄生长水牛随机分为2组,分别饲喂SS和CS,不喂精料,利用全收粪法进行为期4 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明:①SS和CS单独饲喂对生长水牛平均干物质采食量(ADMI)影响不显著(P>0.05),饲喂CS组生长水牛平均日增重(ADG)较SS组高,差异不显著(P>0.05)。二者组合饲喂时生长水牛ADMI、ADG比其单独饲喂时高。②CS的养分消化率、氮代谢和能量代谢率均高于SS,但差异均不显著(P>0.05),二者中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。③SS和CS对生长水牛血液生化指标影响差异均不显著(P>0.05),对动物机体无不良影响。由此可见,单独饲喂时CS养分消化率较SS高,CS及SS对生长水牛血液生化指标均无不良影响,且二者组合饲喂能提高生长水牛生长性能。     

不同前茬作物与种植密度对大蒜农艺性状的影响

为研究不同前茬作物和种植密度对大蒜生长发育的影响,通过设定大豆茬(A1)、谷子茬(A2)和不同密度(M1、M2)两因素试验,测定不同处理的大蒜农艺性状指标和产量。试验结果表明,大蒜的农艺性状指标A1处理高于A2处理,M2处理高于M1处理,处理间产量没有显著差异。在生产中可以通过优化前茬作物和种植密度来提升大蒜商品性。