基于不确定性的旱作作物种植结构优化

针对灌区规划问题,将模糊概念引入多目标线性优化模型。以甘肃民勤县为例,针对小麦、玉米、棉花、黑红瓜子、食葵、西甜瓜、白瓜子、辣椒几种作物,采用模糊多目标线性优化模型,从经济效益以及需水量两个角度对作物种植结构进行优化。结果显示,在语气算子不同的情况下优化结果也不同,如果要增加该地区的经济收益,就要将粮食作物的比重减少,而增加经济作物的种植比重。若要使需水量减少,则要增加棉花等需水量较小的作物的种植比重。并由此看出模糊优化方法在处理相关问题时的优越性。     

Biofortification of Trace Elements in Food Crops for Human Health

Micronutrient deficiencies have been reported in food crops worldwide. Several macro- and micronutrients are essential for human health. However, among these elements, the trace elements zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) are limiting in the diets of much of the world's population. According to United Nations estimates, about 1 billion people, especially woman and children, are suffering from malnutrition of trace elements, especially in Africa, Asia, and South America. Improving bioavailability of these elements in food crops is an important strategy to overcome trace-element deficiencies in food crops and improving human health. Genetic variability in micronutrient contents in the grain of crops such as rice, corn, wheat, barley, soybean, and dry bean is widely reported in the literature. Hence, use of genetic variability among crop species and genotypes within species is an important strategy to achieve biofortification of grain of staple food crops. Other practices that can be adopted to improve bioavailability of essential elements in food crops are adopting appropriate agronomic practices, such as adequate rate, effective sources, and effective methods of fertilizer application. Use of biotechnology is also feasible to biofortification of staple food crops. Planting indigenous and traditional food crop species with high nutritive value is another important strategy to improve trace elements in human food.     

Effects of Broad-Leaf Crop Frequency and Fungicide Application in Various Rotations on Nitrate Nitrogen and Extractable Phosphorus in a Dark Brown Soil

Flexibility in crop rotation planning allows canola and pea producers to adapt to changing management practices and marketing opportunities. Current recommendations in western Canada are to follow a 1 in 4-yr rotation for canola or pea on a particular field, but producers are interested in increasing frequency of these crops. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of frequency of broad-leaf crops canola and pea and fungicide application in various crop rotations on accumulation and distribution of nitrate nitrogen (N) and extractable phosphorus (P) in the soil profile after 8 yr on a Dark Brown Chernozem (Typic Boroll) loam at Scott, Saskatchewan. The field experiment (from 1998 and 2005) contained monoculture canola and monoculture pea compared with rotations that contained these crops every 2, 3, and 4 yr with wheat and/or flax. Two cultivars of canola were included, an herbicide-tolerant and blackleg-resistant hybrid, and a conventional (not herbicide tolerant) open-pollinated, blackleg-susceptible (OP) cultivar. Subplots were fungicide treatments that attempted to control both blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot in canola and mycosphaerella blight in pea. Residual soil nitrate N in most layers and extractable P in many layers were significantly affected by crop rotation or rotation length, with the greatest amounts after monocultures. Fungicide application resulted in decreased amount of residual soil nitrate N, but it had no effect on soil extractable P. Crop phase (i.e., individual crops that make up the rotation) had a significant effect on soil nitrate N in many crop rotations; for example, residual soil nitrate N tended to be greatest after pea or OP canola and also after flax in the 4-yr rotation with flax. Crop phase had no effect on soil extractable P in any crop rotation. The lower amounts of residual soil nitrate N were usually associated with greater cumulative seed yields, and more so with greater cumulative N removal in seed in various crop rotations and phases within rotations. In conclusion, the findings suggest that accumulation of residual nutrients in soil, especially nitrate N, can be minimized by extending crop rotations, using high-yielding disease-resistant canola cultivars, and applying fungicides in years with weather conditions conducive to diseases.     

不同时间尺度太阳辐射数据对作物生长模型的影响(英)

逐日太阳辐射数据是作物模拟模型的重要输入参数之一。然而,在很多情况下,候、旬、月尺度的辐射信息相对容易获取。该文利用长时间序列(1961-2000)逐日太阳辐射数据,分别建立研究区候、旬、月不同时间尺度太阳辐射数据库,利用两个常用的作物生长模型(CERES-Maize和CGOPGRO-Soybean),以逐日数据(太阳辐射和模拟结果)为基准,分别探讨在雨养和灌溉条件下,不同时间尺度太阳辐射数据对作物生长模型的影响。结果表明:在不同时间尺度下,模型的输出(花期和作物产量)都接近于基准值。总体来看,两个模型模拟的花期平均误差和平均相对误差均接近于0,均方根误差为3.5d;CERES-Maize模型的模拟产量低于基准值,而CGOPGRO-Soybean的模拟结果高于基准值。在雨养和灌溉条件下,CERES-Maize的平均相对误差和均方根误差分别为-0.59%,120kg/hm2和-0.52%,129kg/hm2,CGOPGRO-Soybean的平均相对误差和均方根误差分别为5%,152kg/hm2和4.7%,165kg/hm2。短期数据误差(RMSE)是影响模型精度的主要因素。CGOPGRO-Soybean模型对不同时间尺度太阳辐射数据和水情信息比CERES-Maize模型敏感。当缺少逐日太阳辐射数据时,在雨养和灌溉条件下,候、旬、月尺度的太阳辐射数据都可以用于作物生长模型。     

基于面向服务架构和WebGIS的小麦生产管理支持系统

作物模型与GIS集成中存在着功能重复开发、模型共享困难以及地理信息处理功能的在线能力有限等问题。该文以面向服务架构(service-oriented architecture,SOA)为基础,设计了作物模型区域应用Web服务组合框架。以ArcGIS Service和Model Builder为开发平台,给出了模型计算、动态专题图和空间插值Web服务的开发流程、接口设计和实现方法。结合富客户端技术研制了基于SOA和WebGIS的小麦生产管理支持系统原型(wheat production management support system based on SOA and WebGIS,WPMSS-GISOA),实现了地图数据的上传发布、气象和土壤数据查询、栽培方案设计、空间插值分析等功能。功能测试表明作物模型区域应用的Web服务组合框架可行,为模型与地理信息系统的在线无缝集成提供了可参考方案。     

红外靶标自动探测器的研制及试验

当前红外靶标自动探测器对绿色作物喷药时,存在对作物和非作物(土壤、枯枝等)都施药的缺陷,造成了药液的浪费和环境的污染。该文探讨用红外探测技术实现对靶标的自动探测,同时以颜色传感器为辅助对绿色靶标进行识别,实现红外靶标自动探测器仅对绿色靶标进行喷雾的目的,试验结果表明:所建立的红外靶标自动探测器可对绿色作物靶标进行自动探测,探测的最远距离为85～88cm;探测距离的远近受叶片覆盖率与照度2因素的影响,植物冠层叶片覆盖率越大时,探测距离越远;叶片表面的照度越高时,探测距离越远;叶片覆盖率越大且照度越大时,探测距离越远且工作越稳定,为绿色作物精准施药提供了一种控制思路及方法。     

番茄、茄子和辣椒枯萎病原菌分子鉴定及其致病性测定

调查了福建省番茄、茄子和辣椒3种主要茄科枯萎病的发生与症状情况,通过常规分离,依据Booth鉴定和分子鉴定相结合的方法,对从这3种茄科作物上采集的40个菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,40株镰刀菌中有35株属于尖孢镰刀菌,占总数的87.5％;3株为串珠镰刀菌,另2株为茄形镰刀菌。进一步利用Koch氏法则进行菌株致病性检测,结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌是本研究中所采集的番茄、茄子和辣椒病株的病原菌,而3株串珠镰刀菌和2株茄形镰刀菌均不造成寄主植物发病。     

某矿区附近不同作物对3种重金属富集能力的研究

为了研究不同作物对重金属的积累特征,以陕西省某金矿生产区及附近不同区段生长的4种作物--玉米(Zea mays L.)、南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)、野大豆(Glycine javanica L.)和黄豆(Giycine max (L) Merril)为研究对象,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定并分析其体内铜、镉和锌含量,以便确定建立人工生态系统的植物种类。结果表明：除野大豆根际的重金属Zn外,4种作物根际土壤中的3种重金属单项污染指数均大于1,均处于污染状态;玉米、黄豆和南瓜对Zn的富集能力均较强,其中以南瓜的富集能力最强,其富集系数为7.11,转移系数为43.18;野大豆和玉米对Cu的富集能力较强;而4种作物对Cd的富集能力均较弱,虽然转移系数大于1,但富集系数均小于1。     

The effect of crop,cultivation and seed addition for birds on surface weed seed densities in arable crops during winter

Weed seeds present an agronomic threat, but are also an important food resource for wildlife in winter. Weed seed densities on the soil surface in winter were examined from 1999 to 2002 in 105 fields on three different farms in UK. The effect of the preceding crop, cultivation, position within the field and the application of seed for birds (bird seed) on surface seed abundance and species composition was tested. Six or fewer species comprised c. 80% of the weed seeds. By January of each study year, the densities of seeds important for farmland birds (key seeds) were 73% or 87% lower compared with early winter on two of the farms, but were stable on the third where seeds were incorporated through cultivation. At the edge and mid‐field, seed densities only exceeded 400 m^?2 in 17%, 10% and 12% of fields for total, key and dicotyledonous seeds respectively. The preceding crop only affected seed densities at one site; stubbles of winter barley had fewer seeds compared with winter wheat or spring barley. Seed densities varied between the edge and mid‐field, but trends were inconsistent between sites. The density of the larger seeds (Atriplex patula, Viola arvensis, Polygonum aviculare and Chenopodium album) were reduced in fields receiving bird seed. The objectives of weed control and conservation may not be mutually exclusive because seed return was most reduced where the ground remained uncultivated through the winter, yet this also provided the best foraging opportunities for surface feeding seed predators.     

Weed control in conventional and herbicide tolerant winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) grown in rotations with winter cereals in the UK

Two winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars, tolerant to glyphosate and glufosinate, were compared with a conventional cultivar at three sites over 4 years, in 3‐year crop rotations in the UK. The winter oilseed rape was grown in Years 1 and 4, with winter cereals, which received uniform herbicide treatments, in the intervening years. The second winter oilseed rape treatments were applied to randomised sub‐plots of the original plots. Weed densities were recorded in autumn and spring and weed biomass was measured in summer. At most sites, there was only one application of glufosinate or glyphosate, whereas two products were often used on the conventional variety. The timing of glyphosate and glufosinate application was, on average, 34 days later than that of the conventional broad‐leaved weed control treatments. Overall weed control, across all sites and years, was not statistically different between the conventional, glyphosate and glufosinate treatments. However, glyphosate achieved higher control of individual weed species more frequently than the other treatments. Glufosinate and the conventional treatments were similar in performance. The treatments in Year 1 sometimes affected weed populations in the subsequent cereal crops and, in rare instances, those in the rape in Year 4. Carry‐over effects were small after most treatments. In general, weed survival was greater in the oilseed rape crops, irrespective of the treatment, than it was in the intervening cereal crops.