人工草地绵羊系统优化研究Ⅲ几种冬春青绿饲料作物的引种栽培

用新西兰引进的波纳、威诺阿、帕斯加、艾品、巴堪特和当地长期种植的芜菁6种冬春青绿饲料作物在云南省种羊场2个气候带种植,对各品种生物量及干鲜比进行比较分析.结果为芜菁生物量及含水量均较引进品种高;在引进品种中,高海拔山区威诺阿表现最佳,中海拔地区艾品较好.     

Potential allelopathic influence of certain pasture weeds

Laboratory and growth chamber research was conducted to determine the potential allelopathy of tissue harvested from certain weeds commonly found in pastures. Results of bioassays indicated that the weeds dogfennel and mayweed chamomile are potentially allelopathic to alfalfa and Italian ryegrass seedlings. Leaf-tissue extracts from the two weed species reduced seedling growth more than stem and root extracts. In most experiments alfalfa seedlings were influenced more than Italian ryegrass seedlings and seedling growth was influenced more than seed germination. Leaf tissue from the weed species mixed into potting soil at a concentration as low as 0.25% (w/w) significantly reduced alfalfa and Italian ryegrass plant development and foliage production. Extract and tissue concentration used in this research were estimated to be similar to concentrations expected to occur within the pasture ecosystem and below concentrations that would result in hypertonicity in the bioassays.     

Irrigation Scheduling and Watermelon Yield Model for the Jordan Valley

A crop yield and soil water management simulation model (CRPSM) developed at Utah State University was modified, calibrated and tested using local weather data and field results from a trickle irrigation experiment with different mulching on watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ), carried out at the University of Jordan Research Station, in the Jordan Valley.
Simulated irrigation schedules were then applied with some of the four options provided by the model. The water yield index, WYI, introduced by B attikhi and H ill (1985) to select the most efficient schedule as based on yield and water use efficiency, was then determined. WYI ranged from 27 to 87. The field schedule, WM₂, had a WYI of 62. Whereas, the model provided a much better schedule, WM₇ (WYI = 86). WM₇ requires 17 irrigations of 2.0 cm per irrigation totaling a water supply of 44.1 cm with an irrigation season starting on April 7 to give a yield equivalent to the potential yield, 80.0 MT/ha. On the other hand, the best field schedule, WM₂ under transparent mulch, required 14 irrigations to provide 45.9 cm (including rainfall and soil moisture change), with a season starting on April 28 resulted in a yield of 68.8 MT/ha. So we can see that by using the same amounts of total water supply but with different schedule we can get the potential yield. The model has, therefore, provided few better schedules that can be tested in the field at lower costs before final recommendations are made.     

40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂的除草活性及对花生的安全性评价

为明确砜吡草唑在花生田应用的可行性, 采用整株生物测定法测定40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、狼尾草Pennisetum alopecuroides、稗Echinochloa crus-galli、藜Chenopodium album、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus及马齿苋Portulaca oleracea的除草活性, 评价药剂对花生的安全性, 并利用田间小区药效试验进行验证。结果表明:40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂对6种供试杂草均表现出极高活性, GR 50为0.76~2.90 g/hm 2, 在13.32 g/hm 2剂量下, 对供试杂草防效均达100%。40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂对3种禾本科杂草、3种阔叶杂草的毒力分别是960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油的5.60~9.30倍和22.16~25.24倍。在盆钵底部渗灌、喷淋浇水2种灌溉条件下, 40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂对花生的GR 10分别为212.03、87.68 g/hm 2, 剂量越高, 对花生生长的抑制愈明显, 对花生安全性欠佳。在盆钵底部渗灌条件下, 砜吡草唑在花生和供试杂草间的选择性指数为29.45~142.30, 具有较高选择性。田间试验表明, 40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂施用剂量120~240 g/hm 2时, 对杂草的总体防效在92.6%以上, 花生增产率21.09%~22.71%, 杂草防效及花生产量均显著高于960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油720 g/hm 2处理, 所有药剂处理未见药害症状。综上, 40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂可作为花生田低量、高效化学除草的备选药剂, 但需关注砜吡草唑过量施用及降雨积水等因素导致的花生安全性问题。     

麦绿素在国内的研究进展

随着人们健康意识的不断提高,作为一种天然绿色保健产品,麦绿素产品越来越受到人们的青睐。在国内,麦绿素产品也引起科研工作者的高度重视。近年来,我国科研工作者对麦绿素产品的原料来源、生产工艺、麦绿素的活性成分,以及麦绿素的生理功能都进行了大量的实验研究,为麦绿素产品的生产和临床应用提供了科学的实验数据和技术支持。从原料来源、主要成分、生理功能和生产工艺等方面记述了麦绿素产品在国内的研究状况以及取得的研究成果,并提出了麦绿素研究今后要注重的一些问题和研究方向。     

棉花渗透调节与蒸腾速率的日变化关系

大田正常供水条件下，随１ｄ内光照和温度增加，棉花叶水势及渗透势下降，最低水势为－１１．４巴，渗透势为－１４．２巴，其膨压值为２．８巴，表现出渗透调节作用。气孔导度在中午一段时间最高，而蒸腾速率最高点在１２∶００时，之后下降，表明水分胁迫下产生渗透调节作用，使叶片保水力增加，蒸腾减弱。Ｋ＋和可溶性糖变化，以渗透势下降最低时积累最多，是棉花干旱时主要的渗透调节物质。     

The biotechnology of crop legumes

Summary The absence of variety-independent gene transfer methods for major agronomic species has, until now, limited the usefulness of recombinant DNA techniques to crop improvement programs. Until recently, only Solanaceous crops could be used to study fundamental and applied problems in plant sciences. During the past five years rapid advances in cell biology, in combination with the development of novel gene transfer methodology allowed utilization of the tools of plant molecular biology in conventional breeding programs. Cereal and leguminous species were considered to be recalcitrant to genetic manipulation. As a result of the development of direct DNA transfer methodology into organized tissue, we are now in a position to introduce any foreign gene into almost all of the major cereals and legumes. This can be achieved efficiently, often in a variety-independent fashion. The object of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the state of the art in gene transfer for the cultivated leguminous crops. Important oilseed and feed species primarily in industrialized countries, as well as minor but equally important species for sustaining growth populations in developing countries will be examined. Advantages of the various gene transfer methods that were shown to be useful for specific crops, as well as limitations and problems associated with each crop and gene transfer method will be discussed. Data from field trials of transgenic legumes, where available, will be presented.