木霉菌M2的鉴定及其对小白菜促生效果研究

以一株分离自健康、高产辣椒根际土壤的木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)M2为供试菌株,研究其对小白菜生长发育的影响并在形态学分类的基础上结合r DNA-ITS序列分析的手段,对木霉菌M2进行分类鉴定,以期为微生物肥料的开发提供优良菌种。将木霉菌M2进行固体发酵制得孢子粉,研究其在温室条件下是否对小白菜的生长具有促生能力。结果表明:菌株M2属于哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum);在温室盆栽试验中,土壤接种M2孢子粉对小白菜具有不同程度的增产作用,且能够提高叶绿素含量、可食用叶片数,其中接种5.0×10~9cfu的M2孢子粉处理的鲜重、干重最高,比对照组分别增加30.26%、20.08%;接种5.0×10~8cfu的M2孢子粉处理鲜重、干重较对照组分别增加18.33%、12.46%。这说明哈茨木霉M2菌株对小白菜的增产效果明显,具有潜在的农业应用价值。     

功能性肉制品的研究进展

功能性肉制品以其特殊的营养和保健功能,越来越受到消费者的青睐。研制和开发低脂肪、低硝酸盐、低盐、高膳食纤维等肉制品是功能性肉制品发展的主要方向。     

秸秆颗粒饲料螺旋挤压加工性能的试验研究

利用单螺杆挤压机对农作物秸秆进行颗粒饲料的加工试验。通过单因素试验和通用旋转组合试验,找出各影响因素及其间的交互作用对性能指标的影响规律,建立数学模型,并对试验结果进行分析;对秸秆进行碱化处理再挤压成形,经分析测试,该方法可明显降低粗纤维含量,从而有利于动物消化率和采食率的提高。     

作物茬口与施肥对连作大豆虫食率的影响

为了研究苜蓿、玉米和大豆3种茬口与施肥对连作大豆虫食率的影响,2003-2005年在黑龙江龙镇农场采用两因素有重复完全随机试验,3年的连作大豆虫食率结果表明,茬口主效应和施肥主效应的互作对连作大豆虫食率的影响不显著,并且二者互作的各组合虫食率变化也没有明显的规律;施肥主效应对连作大豆虫食率有显著和极显著的影响,但施肥类型和施肥量对连作大豆虫食率的影响也没有发现规律性;2003年和2004年茬口主效应对连作大豆虫食率影响不显著,但2005年茬口主效应对连作大豆虫食率有极显著影响,从3年分析结果看,大豆茬上连作大豆的虫食率都相应高于同年苜蓿茬和玉米茬上连作大豆的虫食率,说明连作大豆年分越长,虫食率有加重的趋势。     

中国酸雨及其对农业生产影响的研究进展

为了研究中国酸雨特征及其对农业生产的影响,综述了30多年来有关中国酸雨及其对农业生产影响的研究成果。对中国酸雨特征的研究主要包括中国大气降水酸度分布和离子浓度特征。酸雨对农业生产影响方面主要包括酸雨对主要农作物种子萌发、生长发育、品质和产量的影响。同时,分析了中国酸雨的成因,探讨了减少酸雨危害的措施,指出了有待研究的科学问题。     

设施土壤中连续施用生物炭对土壤磷形态及吸附与释放特性的影响

针对设施土壤中长期大量施用有机肥可能造成的土壤磷素过度积累及易流失等问题,本研究拟通过施用生物炭增加土壤中磷的吸附,从而减少磷流失。此外,目前关于在设施土壤中连续施用生物炭对土壤磷素形态和有效性的影响作用尚不清楚。为此,在辣椒大棚中通过长期定位试验,研究连续4茬施用生物炭对土壤有效磷、不同形态磷、磷吸附及释放的影响。结果表明：在每公顷施用15 t猪粪稻草有机肥基础上施用生物炭可显著增加土壤有机碳含量和土壤pH,并显著改变了土壤磷各组分含量,显著增加了NaHCO₃ P_i、NaHCO₃ P_o、Fe/Al-P_i和Ca-P_i含量,且显著降低了Ca-P_o含量。此外,连续4茬施用生物炭还增加了土壤对磷的吸附,从而降低土壤磷的释放。本研究结果说明,在设施土壤中长期大量施用有机肥下结合施用生物炭在保持土壤有效磷供应下可提高土壤磷的吸附,从而降低土壤磷素的流失风险。     

寒地水稻生态平衡施肥决策支持系统的设计

阐述了生态平衡施肥的概念、原理和原则，按照生态平衡施肥原理建立寒地水稻生态平衡施肥决策支持系统，同时介绍了系统设计、系统功能以及系统运行环境，能根据测定土壤养分状况给出不同土壤以及生态因子的生态平衡施肥方案，为推广生态平衡施肥生产和供应高效专用肥料提供保障。     

武威市石羊河流域种植结构调整与节水思路

石羊河流域武威市属区水资源紧缺,严重制约了区域的社会经济发展.从水资源实际和供水情况看,现状农业种植结构存在总种植面积大、水资源严重超栽、夏秋作物种植比例不合理、种植结构单一等问题.种植结构调整要围绕水资源的合理配置和高效利用,以水定灌溉规模,以结构调整促发展的思路.节水与结构调整相结合,变革耕作制度,提高水资源的利用效率,运用水价杠杆,激励结构调整,依法治水,合理高效利用水资源.     

Stable resistance against the leaf miner <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucoptera coffeella</Emphasis> expressed by genetically transformed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea canephora</Emphasis> in a pluriannual field experiment in French Guiana

Summary A pluriannual field trial of transgenic clones of Coffea canephora (the Robusta coffee tree) transformed for resistance to the lepidopteran coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella was installed in French Guiana. Fifty-eight transformed clones produced by transformation of the C. canephora clone 126 were planted. They were harbouring the pEF1α constitutive promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana controlling either the Bacillus thuringiensis native gene for the cry1Ac insecticidal protein (eight clones) or a synthetic cry1Ac gene (53 clones). The vectors for the transformation were a strain of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and one of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed clones were generally independent, presenting different integration patterns of the genetic construct. Four randomly distributed groups of five plants per transformed clone were planted along with 60 untransformed control trees. Over a 4-year period after plantation six releases of L. coffeella were performed. Mines on the leaves are the marks of larvae development and were counted on plants. A majority of the independent transformed clones harbouring the synthetic gene and transformed by the strain of A. tumefaciens displayed constantly much less mines than the control, therefore expressing a stable resistance. The need for complementary research is presented.     

Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.