The Dynamic Change of Soil Microorganism and Enzyme Activity in the Whole Procreative Process of the Tarim Island Cotton

对塔里木海岛棉生育全程土壤微生物与酶活性的动态变化进行了检测,测试结果表明：（1）塔河种业高产海岛棉田土壤养分比塔河滩地高出6.58%~37.42%,特别是全钾、速效钾比塔河滩地高出29.02%~37.42%。（2）微生物数量变化呈现如下变化趋势：细菌类群在夏季有生长高峰,秋季略有回升;真菌在春季存在生长高峰,夏季处于低谷,秋季生物活性开始回升;放线菌生长高峰位于夏季,春秋季处于低谷。在土壤微生物区系构成中,细菌占据绝对优势,暗示土壤养分的转化主要靠细菌完成。（3）塔河种业高产海岛棉田土壤酶中的过氧化氢酶、     

Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic stress for irrigation management of cotton

The applicability of commercially available remote sensing instrumentation was evaluated for site-specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under a center pivot low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation system. This study was conducted in a field where three irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ET_c) were imposed on areas of Phymatotrichum (root rot) with the specific objectives to (1) examine commercial remote sensing instrumentation for locating areas showing biotic and abiotic stress symptomology in a cotton field, (2) compare data obtained from commercial aerial infrared photography to that collected by infrared transducers (IRTs) mounted on a center pivot, (3) evaluate canopy temperature changes between irrigation regimes and their relationship to lint yield with IRTs and/or IR photography, and (4) explore the use of deficit irrigation and the use of crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling. Pivot-mounted IRTs and an IR camera were able to differentiate water stress among irrigation regimes. The IR camera distinguished between biotic (root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ET_c regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures than the other two regimes, which was reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ET_c regimes. Deficit irrigation down to 75% ET_c had no impact on lint yield, indicating that water savings were possible without reducing yield.     

Measuring versus estimating net radiation and soil heat flux: Impact on Penman–Monteith reference ET estimates in semiarid regions

The standardized ASCE Penman–Monteith and FAO-56 equations were used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) using estimated and measured net radiation (R_n) and soil heat flux (G), based on hourly and daily meteorological data. The estimates were evaluated against lysimeter measurements. The results indicate that using measured or estimated values of R_n and G can have significant effect on the accuracy of the ET₀ estimations, especially when calculations were made on an hourly basis. The FAO-56 version performed very well during the irrigation season on a daily basis. The use of measured R_n and G did not improve ET₀ estimation on a daily basis, therefore, the use of estimated R_n and G appears to be dependable when calculations are based on 24-h weather data. When daily ET₀ was calculated from hourly estimations, the results were different depending on the version used. The ASCE version was more accurate, especially when R_n and G were measured. Therefore, measurement of R_n and G may have potential to improve estimation only when daily ET₀ is calculated from hourly estimations. The PM FAO-56 version was always a little less accurate than the ASCE version. For hourly calculations, using a constant surface resistance (as in FAO-56 version), the PM method underpredicted for high evaporative demand and vice versa. The ASCE version performed better than PM FAO-56 version when R_n and G were measured and estimated. Therefore, ASCE version tended to provide quite accurate values of hourly ET₀, even using estimated values of R_n and G. As conclusion, the methods proposed by FAO-56 for estimating R_n and G tended to produce accurate estimates for daily and hourly ET₀ under semiarid conditions and can be used with some degree of confidence for estimating ET₀. In addition, results suggest that the ASCE standardized equation on an hourly basis improved the accuracy of ET₀ estimation with respect to the FAO-56 version.     

漳河水库入库洪水抗误差预报方案

漳河水库由观音寺水库和鸡公尖水库通过半天然明槽相互连通组成，因受库水位观测、明槽输水计算、动库容计算误差等的复杂影响，以往多次建立的洪水预报方案均未达到可供应用的水平。在分析漳河水库入库洪水误差产生特点的基础上，通过建立抗误差产汇流预报模型和自适应实时校正技术，使漳河水库洪水预报方案平均确定性系数达91.09%，洪峰合格率达100%，峰现时间合格率达90.91%；观音寺水库洪水预报方案的平均确定性系数达90.63%，洪峰合格率达100%，峰现时间合格率达100%，终于建立了达到甲等水平的漳河水库洪水预报应用方案。     

灌区灌溉自动化监控系统的设计与研究

介绍了 1种灌区灌溉自动化监控系统的组成、功能和实现方法。系统利用田间传感器实时测量田间参数 ,通过网络传送给控制计算机 ,由控制计算机根据决策模型自动控泵房电机起停、渠首闸门启闭实现灌区内农田自动灌溉 ,系统具有实时控制、实时数据采集与保存 ,现场实时视频监视等功能。     

用计算机进行小麦赤霉病的预测预报

根据苏北某市农业局提供的十几条与小麦赤霉病有关的气象经验。用1971年以来的气象数据建立几种数学囚子模型；将数学因子与赤霉病实际发病的结果数据进行相关分析，提取相关性较好的数学因子组成相关因子；运用相关因子分别采用4种预测预报方案进行预报。     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421对棉蚜、绿盲蝽的田间防效

棉花是我国重要的经济作物, 虫害严重制约了棉花生产, 造成棉农的经济损失。目前, 化学杀虫剂仍是防治棉花虫害的主要手段, 长期使用化学杀虫剂导致棉蚜Aphis gossypii、绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum产生抗药性, 降低防治效果。本研究使用80亿孢子/mL金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421可分散油悬浮剂防治棉蚜、绿盲蝽, 室内生测结果表明, 金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421能有效侵染棉蚜和绿盲蝽, 随着浓度的升高, 对棉蚜和绿盲蝽的毒力增强。〖JP+2〗田间试验结果表明, 该药剂能有效控制棉花主要害虫棉蚜和绿盲蝽。采用1 200 mL/hm2用量, 药后14 d对棉蚜的防效达94.42%; 采用1 350 mL/hm2用量, 药后14 d对绿盲蝽的防效分别达到87.25%(新疆), 91.62%(湖北)。     

新疆南疆机采棉品种株型结构与产量性状的相关性

【目的】分析不同类型陆地棉品种的株型结构及产量性状,研究高产优质机采棉品种的株型结构与产量结构的特点,为棉花结构育种提供理论参考。【方法】测试不同机采棉品种的株型结构性状及产量结构相关指标,利用差异显著性分析、相关分析等统计方法,研究几种机采棉品种的株型性状、产量结构性状及其相关性特点。【结果】籽棉产量与株高、主茎节间长、果枝数、果节数存在正相关但不显著,与果枝始节高度呈负相关;株高与果枝始节高存在显著正相关,与主茎节间长度呈极显著相关; 17N11株型为塔型结构,其底部主茎叶片保留完整、籽棉产量、株高最高,而17N13主茎叶片数最多,17N5则具有最小的叶片脱落率;在棉花株型结构的共性方面,棉花果枝角度具有由上至下呈增大趋势,而变异能力则呈现与之相反的趋势(上部＞中部＞下部)。棉花主茎叶大小具有由上部至下部减小的趋势,变异能力亦呈现与之相反的趋势(下部＞中部＞上部)。【结论】株型结构具备中、上部果枝夹角较小(上部＜32.0°,中部＜50.0°),主茎叶总面积高于320 cm²,下部主茎叶片脱落率低于20%的机采棉品种产量优势显著,中上部果枝夹角、主茎叶总面积、下部主茎叶片脱落率可作为株型育种后代材料选择依据。     

棉蚜茧蜂对不同品种、不同生育期棉花的趋性行为反应

【目的】研究棉蚜茧蜂对不同品种、不同生育期棉花的趋性行为反应,为了解天敌昆虫与寄主之间关系,利用棉蚜茧蜂对棉蚜等害虫进行防控。【方法】以生产上大面积种植的GK-12(对照为泗棉3号)、新棉33B(亲本为新棉33)和SGK321(亲本为石远321)等3组棉花品种为材料,于棉花7叶期、现蕾前期和现蕾期,设计无虫棉植株、被棉蚜为害后剔除虫体的植株以及棉蚜+有虫株等3种不同处理,借助“Y”型嗅觉仪,检测棉蚜茧蜂在棉花不同生育期对这3种不同处理的趋性。【结果】棉蚜茧蜂无法识别健康的常规棉和转基因棉花植株;对不含棉蚜的被害棉来说,转基因棉对棉蚜茧蜂更具吸引力。而对含有棉蚜的有害棉来说,除7叶期GK12、新棉33B和现蕾期GK12这3组处理外,其他各组的转基因棉对棉蚜茧蜂均具较强的吸引作用。【结论】两类不同的棉花品种对棉蚜茧蜂不存在排斥性,棉蚜为害转基因棉花后更能吸引棉蚜茧蜂。     

基于SIMDual_Kc模型估算非充分灌水条件下冬小麦蒸散量

为研究关中冬小麦植株蒸腾和土壤蒸发规律,利用2 a冬小麦小区控水试验实测数据,率定和验证了双作物系数SIMDual_Kc模型在关中地区的适用性.用大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测蒸散量值(或水量平衡法计算值)与模型模拟值进行对比.结果表明:SIMDualKc模型可较准确地模拟关中不同水分条件下冬小麦蒸散量,且模拟精度较高.模型估算的平均绝对误差为0.643 3 mm/d.模型估算的冬小麦初期、中期和后期的基础作物系数分别为0.35,1.30,0.20.另外,模型还可以较准确地估算不同水分供应条件下的土壤水分胁迫系数、土壤蒸发量和植株蒸散量.冬小麦整个生育期,土壤蒸发主要发生在作物生育前期,中期较低,后期略微增大;植株蒸腾主要发生在作物快速生长期和生长中期,整个生育期中呈先增大后减小的趋势.