“哈长城市群”农业空间网络结构及要素优化配置

农业空间是包含固定物理载体与可流动生产要素在内的复杂地域系统,掌握其中流动要素在地域间的传导、辐射能力,使之与耕地要素达到适配状态,是实现全要素提质增效、促进农业现代化发展的关键。该研究针对东北农业现代化发展滞后、基础要素错配等问题,尝试依托\     

适应不同成熟度大豆的差速脱粒滚筒性能试验与分析

针对南方地区大豆草谷比和未成熟豆荚占比高,造成收获机脱粒清选分离质量差、功耗大等问题,设计了一种前后两段组合且两段转速差可调的脱粒滚筒,研究了脱粒滚筒参数变化对豆荚和籽粒的能量、等效形变量等的影响。以脱粒齿类型、前段滚筒转速、两段滚筒转速差为影响因素,以破碎率、未脱净率和夹带损失率为评价指标,得到了差速与非差速脱粒滚筒的最优参数组合,并通过综合性能试验对比了两种脱粒滚筒的脱粒质量、作业油耗和工作效率。结果表明,差速脱粒滚筒最优参数组合是脱粒齿类型为纹杆齿-杆齿组合式脱粒齿,前段滚筒转速为450 r/min,两段滚筒转速差为150 r/min。此时,相较于传统的杆齿式非差速脱粒滚筒,脱粒质量更高,油耗降低了2.7 L/hm2,最大作业效率增大了10.35 %。该研究能够为解决南方地区大豆联合收获机脱粒装置适应性问题提供依据。     

北疆牧区牧民定居后的生产经营模式 ——以昌吉市阿什里乡为例

本研究以北疆地区昌吉市阿什里乡的典型牧民定居点为研究对象, 采用问卷调查、入户调查和访谈等方法, 对125户定居牧民家庭进行调查研究。结果表明, 定居后的生产经营模式可分为7种类型, 其中“放牧+养殖奶牛+种植+务工”型生产经营模式的牧户比重最多, 占总牧户的39%, 该模式的牧民人均年收入为最高(11 320.47元·a-1);“放牧+养殖奶牛+种植”型生产经营模式的牧民人均年收入为中等(为9 488.1元·a-1);“养殖奶牛+种植”型生产经营模式的牧民人均年收入为最低(2 674.75元·a-1), 表明牧民人均年收入与经营模式高度相关, 经营模式越多元化, 经济收入越高。通过相关性及逐步回归分析发现, “放牧+养殖奶牛+种植+务工”型生产经营模式的人均年收入与家畜羊单位、人均放牧性投入、人均养殖奶牛业投入之间呈极显著正相关关系, 家畜羊单位头数是该模式中影响人均年收入的最强的关键因素。相关性分析及回归分析结论基本吻合, 充分说明牧民生产投入是提高人均收入的重要因素。     

甘南地区歪头菜生殖分配对生殖产量的影响

采用现存生殖分配(Standing Reproduction Allocation)的方法研究甘南地区歪头菜(Vicia unijuga)生物量生殖分配。结果表明,不同生长年限植株在整个生长季中,各构件生物量占总生物量的比例随着季节变化表现为营养分配比重不断减少,生殖分配比重不断增加,但营养生物量分配比例占绝对优势,而在蕾期和花期用于有性生殖的生物量(蕾、花生物量)分配比例仅在10%左右;多年生歪头菜种群幼龄时期植株生殖生物量分配仍然随着生长年限的增加而增加,但生殖产量的生物量分配却表现出2年龄5年龄4年龄;2年龄植株蕾－花生物量转换比例和花－荚生物量转换比例分别为1∶1.17和1∶1.36,5年龄植株的分别为1∶0.94和1∶1.31,说明2年龄植株比5年龄植株有较高的生殖利用率,而5年龄植株落花、落荚现象明显。以上结果揭示出,植株对有性繁殖的小比例投资以及生殖转换中产生的生殖损失可能是导致该地区歪头菜种群有性繁殖体种子产量低的重要原因,而影响这一原因的因素可能是生长季过程中的环境干扰和养分竞争等问题。     

三江源区四种栽培禾草抗寒性研究

通过对质膜相对透性、渗透调节物质、内源保护酶系等生理生化指标的测定,对三江源区引种栽培的4种禾草:青海草地早熟禾,青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅和无芒雀麦的抗寒性进行了研究。通过综合指标判定,4种牧草的抗寒能力为青海草地早熟禾最强,然后依次是青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅,无芒雀麦的最弱。     

晋西黄土区林草复合系统土壤养分分布特征及边界效应

以晋西黄土区典型刺槐×天然草复合系统为研究对象,分析复合系统土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的分布特征及边界效应,旨在为该地区植被恢复、土地合理利用和林草复合系统的可持续经营提供一定的科学依据.结果表明:1)复合系统内土壤养分分布不平衡,不同斑块类型土壤养分含量存在差异,在0～20 cm土层体现得尤为明显;2)土壤...     

基于农作制分区的1985—2015年中国小麦生产时空变化

Comparing spatio-temporal variation characteristics of China’s wheat production, yield, sown area and yield-area-contribution in different farming zones in the past 30 years could help improving wheat planting layout and adjusting planting structure. Concentration index, rate of change, moving of gravity and resolution of yield-area-contribution were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes of China’s wheat production and yield-area-contribution based on county wheat production statistics including sown area, production and yield from 1985 to 2015. The wheat sown area decreased obviously in Northeast farming region, Northwest farming region and South farming region and increased rapidly in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Yangtze Plain farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, the concentration indexes of Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region reached to 20.64%, 25.77%, and 21.65% respectively in 2015. Wheat production increased significantly by more than 48 milliontons in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, and nearly 8 million tons Yangtze Plain farming region but decreased by more than 2.6 million tons in Northeast farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat production was concentrated in Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Yuxi Hill farming region. The average wheat yield continuously improved during the study period, Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Northwest farming region had the yield increase up to 103.5 kg hm ^-2 and 92.9 kg hm ^-2 each year. Wheat yield in Yuxi Hill farming region, Fenwei Basin farming region and Haihe Plain farming region was relatively high in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The yield-reduced area was mainly caused by the decreasing of sown area, while the yield-area-contribution rate was different in yield-increased area. Yield-dominant counties were reduced, area-dominant counties were increased and yield-area-dominant counties were relatively steady. In production increased area, yield-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming region, area-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Yangtze Plain farming region. Chinese wheat production was increasingly concentrated in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region which has high and rapid increase of wheat yield over the past three decades. Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region were the most concentrated areas in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region for wheat production during this period. Wheat yield and sown area jointly promoted the increase of wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat sown area was the crucial factor to increase wheat production in Yangtze Plain farming region, especially in the north of Jiangsu, Anhui province and greater part of Xinjiang.     

不同灌溉方式对棉田土壤物理性质的影响

以新疆生产建设兵团125团滴灌、沟灌、漫灌的棉田土壤为研究对象,分别测定不同灌溉方式棉田土壤的比重、容重、孔隙度以及团聚体结构和机械组成等物理性状.结果表明:棉田不同灌溉方式对其土壤各种物理性状产生了不同程度的影响.比重、容重表现为漫灌＞沟灌＞滴灌,而孔隙度则反之;土壤团聚体中粒径小于0.25 mm的微团聚体占了较大比重,良好结构团聚体的含量表现为滴灌＞沟灌＞漫灌,而微团聚体则相反;土壤机械组成中砂粒的含量占了较大比重,而砾石没有,砂粒、粉粒的含量均表现为漫灌＞沟灌＞滴灌,而粘粒则表现相反.     

浅谈寒带植物基因资源的基因库保存

分析黑龙江寒带植物基因资源保存的现状,寒带植物基因资源保存中存在的问题及原因,阐述黑龙江植物基因库保存基因资源的必要性。     

西部12省市农村居民生活消费支出现状的比较研究

选取西部12省市的农村居民和各地区农村居民家庭平均每人生活消费支出的数据,采用面板数据模型分析居民收入结构对生活消费支出的影响实证研究。结果表明：农村居民的工资性收入、家庭经营纯收入、财产性收入和转移性收入对生活消费支出都有显著影响,且财产性收入和转移性收入的边际消费倾向都大于1。