Developments in Swedish forest policy and administration – from a “policy of restriction” toward a “policy of cooperation”

Abstract

New tools and forms of cooperation at the landscape level are needed in order for forestry and environmental conservation to co-exist in areas with many land owners. Awareness has existed for several years in Sweden that cooperation at the landscape level is essential for protecting areas of high environmental value. This awareness has come to expression in several projects and initiatives. One of these projects is the Östra Vätterbranterna Partnership, a successful example of the new orientation toward environmental management as formulated in the government bill Sustainable protection of nature areas: new working methods with a focus on collaboration and increased dialog by involving more actors and utilizing a greater combination of steering instruments. This development resonates with the growing trend toward deregulation and less state intervention in environmental management, implying a stronger emphasis on new governance structures and market-driven processes. This paper examines the preconditions for a development toward governance-oriented forms of steering in the area of environmental policy and law, with specific emphasis on the protection of forestry areas with high environmental value. Paralleling this development, the transformation of environmental public administration is analyzed, using a model representing three different perspectives on administration's role, values and meaning, showing state action's progressive transition from “rowing” to “steering” to “serving” and facilitating.     

现代化进程中乡村治理机制的路径创新研究

乡村社会对我国时代改革进程有举足轻重的作用。随着现代化建设的不断深入,现有的乡村治理机制显然跟不上乡村社会结构性变革的步伐,各种治理困境和挑战层出不穷。其在治理层面的主要表现是开放流动的乡村社会现状与封闭排他、僵化保守和过分依靠行政权力的传统乡村治理模式存在明显背离。因此,要想突破乡村发展的制度性障碍,化解现有的治理困境,有序推动乡村社会的现代化改革,需要将乡村社会协同参与机制、农村经济合作治理模式、统筹城乡整体发展作为治理导向,构建乡村社会治理机制的发展新路径。     

新时代精英返乡与乡村治理 ——基于皖南两个村庄的调查

健全乡村治理体系是乡村振兴的内在动力,现代化的乡村治理不仅能推动乡村振兴,而且是国家治理的重要组成部分。当前正值脱贫攻坚的关键期和乡村振兴实施的新阶段,乡村社会环境得到了极大改善,吸引了不少外出精英回归乡村,有部分甚至重返乡村社会的“前台”,成为乡村治理中创新的代表,其作用不可忽视。本文结合已有文献和调研实例,对返乡精英之于乡村治理的作用进行分析,认为返乡精英必然会影响乡村治理的体系,重构乡村治理的权力结构,成为乡村治理体系中重要的一方面,能有效推进乡村治理现代化的进程,推动国家治理体系与治理能力现代化的建设。     

“潘查亚特”制度下乡村治理的启示

中印同为发展中国家,在乡村治理中存在相似与不同,本文通过分析潘查亚特及其治 理中的影响因素,找到印度乡村治理中的问题,从中得到完善中国乡村治理机制的一些启示。     

新时代背景下提升乡村治理水平的建议

“经过长期努力,中国特色社会主义进入了新时代,这是我国发展新的历史方位。”十九 大报告中指出,应该大力实施乡村振兴战略,夯实农村基层基础性工作,完善德治、法治、自治有 机融合的现代化乡村治理体系。在新时代背景下,三农领域依旧存在着非常显著的发展短板。 必须充分地发挥党对农村工作的领导,健全完善德治、法治、自治有机融合的综合性乡村治理体 系,稳步提升乡村治理水平。新时代背景下乡村治理事宜的政策关注层面,分析了乡村治理的 主要特征;并从四个方面论述了新时代背景下提升乡村治理水平的建议。     

乡村振兴视域下“乡绅之治”的传承与建构

当前乡村社会发展面临着内外部各种问题,乡村公共性缺失、基础设施滞后、村民自治 流于形式。乡村振兴即需“治理有效”。传统社会时期,“皇权不下县”成为国家正式权力和社会 自治权力的分野,乡村社会依靠乡绅治理实现了有序发展。新时期,面对乡村治理的新困境,重 构“乡绅之治”有利于提高村民认同感、重塑村民公共性、营造乡村精神共同体进而实现乡村善 治。     

农村环境污染的成因及治理对策

当前随着经济发展,以及城市化不断扩展,农村环境受到严重污染,已经不同往日的清 净。随着城市发展我国提出可持续发展,因此要求不断提高城市及农村的环境,解决环境污染 问题。在农村地区产生最主要的环境问题为水污染,垃圾污染,大气污染,大多是城市环境污染 过于严重而迁移到农村,因此本文针对农村环境污染的成因进行分析,并提出解决措施。     

网络治理视域下森林资源治理模式探析

通过梳理相关文献发现,国外对有关森林资源治理问题的研究更为系统,以自然资源治理理论为基础,创新发展出强调公众参与度提升的协同性治理理念,关注公众参与的网络治理理论现已成为研究切入的新视角。文中以构建我国森林资源多层次治理网络为主线,结合国内外研究进展,提出一种适于我国的森林资源治理网络框架,以期推动森林资源治理问题的探讨,为治理途径的构建与创新提供借鉴。     

From borders to ecotones – Private-public co-management of urban woodland edges bordering private housing

This paper conceptualises and evaluates so-called co-management zones as an approach for user participation in urban forestry, specifically in the management of public woodland edges bordering residential areas. Co-management zones can metaphorically be viewed as ‘ecotone-like’ spaces, i.e. zones where overlapping interest – in this case residents’ and municipal authorities’ – can be used to create richness and meetings rather than boundaries. Building on the perspectives of ecotone thinking and governance arrangements, co-management zones in the Danish residential area of Sletten in Holstebro were evaluated. The presented case study combined interviews with residents and interviews with three key green space professionals who had led the planning, design, establishment and management of the woodland and the implementation of co-management. The resident participation in the co-management zone was also assessed and photo documented in a field survey, categorising individual households according to type and degree of physical signs of participation. Findings illustrate the potential of co-management zones to initiate collaboration between residents and public woodland managers in creating recreationally valuable and varied meetings between private gardens and urban woodlands. Challenges with establishing co-management zones were also highlighted, especially the need for clear guidelines and continuous communication between residents and the municipality. Perspectives and implications related to residents, managers and green space quality are discussed.     

Examining horizontal and vertical social ties to achieve social–ecological fit in an emerging marine reserve network

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