鞘翅目昆虫诱捕器野外应用技术探讨

鞘翅目昆虫是我国最常见的农林业有害生物,给农林生产造成了巨大损失。基于昆虫趋光性、趋色性和趋化性所研发的昆虫诱捕器作为一种绿色防控手段,目前已广泛应用于农林虫害的监测、预防和控制中,成为了害虫综合防控体系的重要组成部分。明确害虫诱捕装置的设计原理及各因子对诱捕效率的影响是有效实施虫害绿色生物防控的前提,本文陈述了国内外害虫诱捕器的应用进展及设计原理,进而探讨不同因子（如形状、颜色、材质、引诱剂和高度等）对鞘翅目害虫野外诱捕装置诱捕效果的影响,旨在为提高装置诱捕效果提供借鉴和参考,加快新型诱捕技术的研究及应用进程。     

Evaluation of Breeding Value and Selection of Bull Dams in the Danish Dairy Breeds: I. Studies on Realized Efficiency of Bull Dam and Bull Sire Selection

Abstract

The relationship between twice the adjusted daughter yield deviation (DYD) of the son and the average of the estimated breeding values (EBV) of his parents was investigated for milk and fat yield. Deviations from expectations of DYD minus the pedigree index and the regression of DYD on the EBV for each of the parents were estimated. The EBV of each bull dam was calculated in several ways using different combinations of pedigree information and their own records. In all, 1693 bulls (880 Black and White (BW), 418 Red Danish (RD) and 395 Danish Jersey (DJ)) with Direct Updating indices for milk and fat yield were included in the investigation. Mean discrepancies between estimated and observed genetic merit for kg of milk yield were ?348 for BW, ?213 for RD and ?228 for DJ, when all of the bull dams' individual records were utilized in breeding value estimation. The corresponding mean discrepancies for kg of fat yield were ?14.7, ?11.5 and ?11.9, respectively. The discrepancies were positively correlated with the number of lactation records included in the dams' EBVs. Regression coefficients of bull DYDs on bull dam breeding values were significantly lower than expected for RD and BW regardless of the number of individual lactation records included in the dams' indexes for milk and fat yield. For all three breeds, the regression coefficients were lowest for fat yield. The most probable cause of overestimation in bull dam EBVs is preferential treatment, particularly in second and later lactations. To avoid this bias, estimation of a bull dam's breeding value should be based on pedigree information and on records from only her first lactation.     

补饲不同配方酶制剂对犊牛断奶后生产性能的影响

选择健康无病、6- 7月龄间断奶的公牛犊 30头 ,随机分成 3组 ,即对照组 CK、试验组 TE1和 TE2 ,每组 1 0头。对照 CK组饲喂基础日粮 ;试验 TE1和 TE2 组分别补饲0 .1 %由纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶与淀粉酶组成的酶制剂 E1和由木聚糖酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶与淀粉酶组成的酶制剂 E2 ;试验 60 d,测定加酶对生产性能的影响。结果表明 ,与 CK组相比 ,TE1组日增重提高 7.51 % (P<0 .0 5) ,混合精料、粗料与增重比各下降 7.0 0 % (P<0 .0 5)、1 .2 3% (P<0 .0 5) ;TE2 组增重提高 4.2 0 % (P<0 .0 5) ,混合精料、粗料与增重比各下降 3.86% (P<0 .0 5)和 0 .31 % (P>0 .0 5) ;试验组犊牛断奶后对粗饲料的适应性有所增强 ;两组酶配方中 ,以纤维素酶为主的 E1效果优于 E2     

基于激光激发叶绿素荧光分析的叶片水分利用效率模型

以无损检测为前提,采用激光为激发光源,对杨树活体叶片进行荧光光谱采集,对采集到的光谱数据进行处理分析得到水分利用效率的荧光光谱敏感波段,建立基于叶片温度修正下的植物水分利用效率与荧光光谱的数学回归模型,模型的复相关系数R2=0.975.并对建立的数学回归模型进行效果检验,相关系数r=0.8746,模型的检测效果较好.     

血吸虫疫苗研究现状和发展方向

血吸虫疫苗的研究工作已经进行了很长一段时间,发现了一批有价值的候选疫苗分子。同时通过改进和优化免疫途径,血吸虫疫苗的免疫保护力正在逐步提高。随着研究的日益深入,对血吸虫疫苗的免疫机制等了解更加透彻,距离研制出能诱导高的、稳定的免疫保护力的疫苗分子的目标将越来越近。     

退耕还林(草)背景下黄土高塬沟壑区长武县粮食潜力及安全分析

鉴于黄土高塬沟壑区退耕还林(草)工程和林果业迅速发展所带来的粮食-人口-资源矛盾问题,收集农业气象、耕地等数据,基于GIS技术,采用机制法分析了退耕还林(草)工程实施前后的1993年和2009年黄土高塬沟壑区长武县粮食潜力和安全问题,明确了气候要素限制下长武县各层次粮食生产潜力及开发程度。长武县1993年到2009年可实现粮食潜力总量下降了7.8%,而实际粮食生产总量增产了4.0%,潜力实现率由61.58%增至68.59%。17a间,主要粮食作物播种面积减少了27.8%,单产平均提高44.1%,而人口增长了12.5%,人均播种面积下降了35.9%,人均粮食产量由320.1kg减少至296.0kg,下降了7.5%。温度和土地有效系数的提高是促进可实现粮食潜力增加的主要因素,耕地减少是限制粮食增幅的直接原因,单产提高是促进增产的主要因素。耕地减少、人口增加是该区粮食安全的核心问题,粮食单产的提高是维持该区粮食安全稳定的保障。针对该区粮食安全问题的严峻性,提出必须以全面提高粮食单产为目标,科学增加辅助能量投入,推进基本农田建设,大力推广耕地保育技术和持续高效现代农业。     

血吸虫疫苗研究现状和发展方向

血吸虫疫苗的研究工作已经进行了很长一段时间,发现了一批有价值的候选疫苗分子。同时通过改进和优化免疫途径,血吸虫疫苗的免疫保护力正在逐步提高。随着研究的日益深入,对血吸虫疫苗的免疫机制等了解更加透彻,距离研制出能诱导高的、稳定的免疫保护力的疫苗分子的目标将越来越近。     

关于藏书倒架的研究与探讨——以中国矿业大学图书馆文昌科技图书阅览室为例

结合工作实际探讨藏书倒架的前期准备工作及倒架时的路线设计、人员组织安排和倒架后的环节完善。以期减轻图书馆人员在倒架工作中的劳动强度和工作量,提高工作效率。     

羊高频高效繁育调控技术应用现状和操作要点

阐述了羊高频高效繁育调控技术的国内外研究应用现状,并结合生产实践总结出羊高频高校繁育调控技术操作程序及要点,其内容包括：羊的同期发情、多胎技术、精液解冻及镜检、输精前处理、腹腔镜观察卵巢状况、腹腔镜子宫内输精、早期妊娠诊断、羔羊代乳粉、羔羊早期断奶等技术和方法。     

Energy and resource consumption of land-based Atlantic salmon smolt hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

This paper evaluates the resource and energy requirements of six different types of land-based, hatchery production systems located in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: flow-through with a gravity water supply, flow-through with a pumped water supply, flow-through with pure oxygen, partial reuse system, partial reuse with heating, and a reuse system for the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Key parameters used in the evaluation include direct energy, indirect energy, transportation energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollutant discharges.Power (electricity and natural gas) and feed energy accounted for the majority of the required energy for all the rearing option evaluated. The sum of the fixed capital and chemicals components accounted for less than 2–12% of the total energy budget for any rearing option. The energy efficiency (energy output/energy input) of the six options ranges from 0.97% for flow-through with pumped supply to 3.49% for the flow-through with gravity supply. The rearing options with the three highest energy efficiencies were flow-through with gravity supply (3.49%), partial reuse (2.75%), and reuse (2.64%).On a kg of smolt produced basis, the six rearing options showed a wide range in performance. The reuse system had the lowest water (2 m³ kg^− 1) and land (0.13 m² kg^− 1) requirements and the third lowest total energy requirement (288 MJ kg^− 1). The partial reuse system had the second lowest total power requirement (276 MJ kg^− 1), a low land requirement (0.21 m² kg^− 1), and moderate water requirements (33 m³ kg^− 1). The partial reuse with temperature control had the second highest total power requirement (657 MJ kg^− 1) and land and water requirements similar to the partial reuse system without temperature control. The flow-through system with pumped water supply had the highest water (289 m³ kg^− 1), land (2.19 m² kg^− 1), and energy requirements (786 MJ kg^− 1) of any of the rearing options. By comparison, the flow-through system with gravity water supply had the lowest energy requirement (218 MJ kg^− 1), a moderate land requirement (0.78 m² kg^− 1), and a high water requirement (214 m³ kg^− 1). The ranking of the six rearing options based capital and operating costs are likely to be quite different from those based on energy, water, and greenhouse gas emissions.