聚丙烯酰胺施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移的影响及解析模拟

地表氮素迁移至径流的水平对氮素流失有重要影响。该研究在人工模拟降雨条件下,主要考察高分子有机化合物聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移效应。试验结果表明,PAM的施用降低了径流运移氮素的能力,表现为铵态氮初始流失浓度极大降低,且氮素流失过程更趋平稳。基于土壤混合层理论和氮素平衡原理建立了PAM施用下铵态氮地表迁移不完全混合模型,并求得了解析解,证实了地表铵态氮径流迁移符合指数型衰减过程,模拟结果与实测值拟合较好。     

Co-stressors chilling and high light increase photooxidative stress in diuron-treated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii but with lower involvement of H2O2

Diuron is one of the most commonly found N-phenylurea herbicides in marine/estuarine waters that promotes toxic effects by inhibiting photosynthesis and affecting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in autotrophs. Since photo- and thermoacclimation are also ROS-mediated processes, this work evaluates a hypothetical additive effect of high light (HL) and chilling (12 °C) on 50 nM diuron toxicity to the highly-photosynthetically active apices of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Additive inhibition of photosynthesis was mainly evidenced by significant decreases of quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transfer rates upon co-stressors exposure to diuron-treated algae. Under extreme 12 °C/HL/diuron conditions, unexpected lower correlations between H₂O₂ concentrations in seawater and radical-sensitive protein thiols were concomitantly measured with the highest indexes of photoinhibition (parameter β). Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that co-stressors chilling/HL additively inhibit photosynthesis in diuron-exposed K. alvarezii but with less involvement of H₂O₂ in injury effects than with only chilling or HL.     

粉煤灰和PAM改良沙土物理性质田间试验

采用粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混合施用改善沙土的水分环境和物理化学性质,为植物生长提供良好的条件,同时研究PAM在粉煤灰混合沙土的复杂环境下,能否增强粉煤灰改良沙土的效果.试验于2011年在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗万通现代农业科技园进行,试验粉煤灰使用量为0％,5％,10％,15％(质量比),PAM的使用量为0,60,120mg/kg.结果表明,粉煤灰质量比为10％,同时使用120mg/kg PAM时,能够提高土壤田间持水量18％,减小土壤饱和导水率26％,同时增加土壤有效水含量.粉煤灰和PAM混合使用于沙土会引起土壤有害元素含量升高,使用15％粉煤灰时土壤重金属含量仍符合国家标准.从而避免了使用过高比例粉煤灰而对土壤环境造成的潜在影响.     

Polyacrylamide (PAM) effect on irrigation induced soil erosion and infiltration

Surface irrigation is the oldest and the most widely used method of irrigation. One disadvantage of surface irrigation is soil erosion. New technology employing water-soluble polymers may provide a technique that is effective and affordable to control soil erosion. Water-soluble anionic organic compound known as polyacrylamide polymer (PAM) is the most successful polymer in controlling soil erosion. This study investigated the effect of spraying PAM on the soil surface to control soil erosion and to increase soil infiltration on a Jordanian clay loam soil. Different PAM concentrations, namely 5, 10, and 20 mg/l in addition to the control (0 mg/l) were used in this study. The highest effect of PAM on the measured properties was attained at 20 mg/l. We noticed that PAM's efficiency was decreased with subsequent irrigations. The reduction in soil erosion was 72 and 47.6%, the reduction in runoff water turbidity was 83 and 35%, the increase in water advance time was 6 and 0.9% and the increase in soil infiltration was 36 and 20.8% for the first and fourth irrigation, respectively. PAM's efficiency in flocculating soil particles was studied in the lab where we noticed that its efficiency in sedimentation was increased as its concentration increased.     

生物质炭保水剂的吸水保水性能研究

以生物质炭为原料,选择保水性和黏结性较强的MW型、阴型和阳型等聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对生物质炭进行了亲水性改性,分析了改性后的生物质炭保水剂吸水特性的变化以及对土壤水分蒸发和苗期玉米生长的影响。研究结果表明,施用3%生物质炭两周后可降低土壤水分蒸发量4.1%施用2.5%和5%的生物质炭后盆栽土壤含水量分别比对照显著提高了39.7%和50.4%。通过PAM改性后的生物质炭可显著提高保水能力,施用改性的生物质炭后盆栽土壤含水量较生物质炭本身提高了10.5%~63.0%。3种生物质炭保水剂的吸水倍率均表现为2:10型>1.5:10型>1:10型,说明生物质炭保水剂的吸水倍率随PAM的质量比的升高而升高,且MW型的吸水效果最好。施用2.5%和5%保水剂的土壤含水量分别比对照提高了54.3%~84.0%和119.5%~145.1%,但从土壤保水作用和对作物生长两方面出发,2.5%的生物质炭保水剂对其持水性和玉米植株的生长较为适宜。     

Control of hydraulic conductivity and chromium mobility in soil-drilling fluid mixtures by polyacrylamide

Land disposal of water-based oil and gas well drilling fluid is an cause of environmental concern due to the high salt concentration and potential chromium (Cr) contamination of groundwater. Safe land disposal of waste drilling fluid and remediation of drilling fluidaffected soils require an adequate hydraulic conductivity for the leaching of excessive salt accumulation and immobilization of Cr to prevent groundwater contamination. Anahuac and Crowley sandy loam surface soils sampled near the southern Louisiana-Texas state line were treated by a batch method with the drilling fluid and two cationic polyacrylamides (PAMs). The PAMs were used as amendments to increase the hydraulic conductivity and the adsorption capacity of the drilling fluid-affected soils for the Cr organic complex. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil-drilling fluid mixtures and light transmittance of the leachates increased, while the Cr mobility decreased by the PAM treatment. The larger PAM molecules were more effective in improving the hydraulic conductivity of the soil-drilling fluid mixtures than the smaller molecules. The Anahuac soil-drilling fluid mixtures showed a higher hydraulic conductivity and lower Cr mobility than the Crowley soil-drilling fluid mixtures apparently because of the higher organic matter content and lower sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the former. The hydraulic conductivity, light transmittance, and Cr mobility data indicated that the PAM treatment and soil organic matter enhanced the flocculation and aggregate stability of the soil-drilling fluid mixtures and contributed to the immobilization of the Cr added as lignosulfonate to the soils.     

PAM对银川城市绿地土壤水分运动及水力参数的影响

[目的]探究不同PAM施加比例下城市绿地土壤水分运动及水力参数的变化,为城市绿地建设和合理利用水资源提供理论参考。[方法]以银川城市绿地土壤为研究对象,采用垂直一维土柱试验,选取5种聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施加比例(质量比)0%(CK),0.02%(T₁),0.04%(T₂),0.06%(T₃),0.08%(T₄),0.1%(T₅),研究湿润锋进程、累积入渗量和入渗速率等入渗特征参数,比较Philip模型、Horton模型、Kostiakov模型及通用经验模型在本研究中的适用性,分析PAM施加比例对土壤水力参数的影响。[结果]入渗历时300 min时,T₁,T₂,T₃,T₄和T₅较CK相比,湿润锋进程分别减少了5.2%,12.0%,13.2%,15.4%和24.2%,累积入渗量分别减少5.9%,12.8%,14.7%,21.4%和31.5%。T₁,T<...     

PAM对河套灌区盐渍土物理性状及水分蒸发影响的初步研究

通过室内试验,采用混合拌施的方法研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对河套灌区非盐渍土、轻度及中度盐渍土基本物理性状及水分蒸发的影响,并评估轻度及中度盐渍土施用PAM在改善土壤物理性状及抑制土壤水分蒸发方面的作用效果。结果表明,经PAM处理后3种土的团聚体含量均高于对照并且随PAM浓度的加大其含量也呈上升趋势。同时,混施PAM后有效降低了3种土的容重,增大了孔隙度及毛管孔隙度,减少了3种土的水分蒸发,但并不是添加PAM的浓度越大越好。结果同时表明土壤中盐分的存在及含量会影响PAM对土壤物理性状及水分蒸发的作用效应。适量的盐分可以促进PAM与土壤颗粒的吸附行为,从而增强PAM对土壤的作用效应,但若盐分含量过多,则有可能削弱这种效果。     

PAM·SAP及其复配对地温和小麦生长的影响

[目的]为干旱、半干旱区农田施用PAM和SAP用量和方法提供理论依据。[方法]通过温室盆栽方法,分析聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、保水剂(SAP)以及复配对作物根区土壤温度和生长过程的影响。[结果]在0～5 cm层深的土壤中添加PAM和SAP,可以改善根系周边土壤温度,与对照相比,土壤温度最大降幅达2～3℃,但对于添加PAM和SAP后15～20 cm层深的土壤,受阳光辐射强度弱、土壤含水率高且水分堵塞土壤空隙的影响,土壤温度比对照的有所提高,而且由于PAM空间锁水比SAP点状锁水效果更好,PAM的恒温作用要强于SAP。在作物生长初期,PAM和SAP对植物水分的补给作用尤为明显,有效增加作物鲜重和地下干物质积累,地上鲜重、地下鲜重与对照相比高出1～3倍,地下干重与对照相比提高1～2倍。[结论]将PAM和SAP应用在利用地下部分的经济作物和地上部分水分含量较高的作物增产效果会更加明显。     

化学覆盖与干湿变化对玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

采用干旱防雨棚下盆栽的方法,研究不同土壤含水量下土壤表面化学覆盖对玉米抗旱成苗及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,利用保水剂和土壤改良剂PAM进行土壤表面覆盖能够提高玉米出苗率,有效降低土表蒸发,同时土壤干湿变化对玉米的生长更为有利,它可以引起强烈的生长补偿效应。