保水剂对河套灌区土壤水分和春小麦生长的影响

为了促进保水剂的应用与推广,在河套灌区开展了沟施保水剂BJ2101-L和土壤结构改良剂PAM及BJ2101-L＋PAM对土壤水分和春小麦生长的影响研究。结果表明：保水剂BJ2101-L和土壤结构改良剂PAM均可提高土壤水分,特别是在春小麦孕穗期有显著作用,0~80 cm土层BJ2101-L处理土壤水分提高了14.26%;不同处理均可促进小麦分蘖和根系向深层土壤分布,PAM处理小麦分蘖力提高了60.45%,BJ2101-L处理根系分布深度加深了70.79%。不同处理提高了春小麦生物量、产量,其中BJ2101-L处理提高了27.24%和30.96%;BJ2101-L处理提高了春小麦的水分利用效率、水分产出率和灌溉水分产出率,分别提高了20.58%,24.13%和31.00%。BJ2101-L处理显著提高了单位面积的经济效益,PAM处理则显著降低了经济效益。河套灌区小麦生产中应积极开展保水剂的应用与推广。     

PAM与尿素混施对渭北旱塬苹果生长及产量品质的影响

为深入了解保水剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在旱地果园中的作用和效果,确定田间应用技术参数,以生长17 a的富士苹果树为试材,采用二因素四水平完全随机设计,研究了PAM与尿素混施对渭北旱塬土壤及苹果树生长、产量及品质的影响 。结果表明：新梢生长量、单果重和果实横径随着尿素施用量的增加而增大,百叶重和产量随着尿素施用量的增加先增大后减小;新梢生长量、单果重、果实横径和产量随着PAM用量的增加总体上表现出先增大后减小的趋势,并在PAM为0.25 kg·株^-1水平表现出最大值;果实中含酸量在PAM为0.15 kg·株^-1水平下相对较低。综上,在渭北旱塬苹果园推广PAM与尿素混施时,推荐PAM与尿素最佳配比为尿素1.36 kg·株 ^-1、PAM 0.25 kg·株^-1     

磁净化处理模拟含铬废水实验条件优化

应用聚合硫酸亚铁(PFS)、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM-P)以及二者混合的复合絮凝剂对模拟含铬废水中Cr6+进行絮凝处理,研究絮凝剂用量、溶液pH、温度和絮凝时间等对Cr6+去除率的影响,并考察添加磁铁矿粉对上述絮凝过程的作用.结果表明:在pH值6～8,T为23～25℃,并添加磁铁矿粉(600 mg/L)于复合絮凝剂(PAM-P投加量为60 mg/L,PFS/PAM-P (F/O)=2)中具有最好的絮凝效果,且絮凝到达平衡的时间短(t=5～6 min).     

三维电极去除油田废水中聚丙烯酰胺机理研究

为了弄清三维电极降解聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）的机理．对三维电极处理前后PAM水样的pH值、电导率、COD以及CO3^2-和HCO3^-进行了分析,并对处理过程中产生的不溶物进行了红外分析。结果表明,水样PH值随电解时间的增加而降低,电导率、COD去除率都随电解时间的增加而增加。处理后水样中有HCO3^-,说明有PAM分子被H2O2和·OH彻底降解为CO2、H2O。不溶物推测是PAM发生分子内反应生成的环状酰亚胺结构产物。PAM被H2O2和·OH降解和产生的不溶物都是废水中PAM浓度和COD降低的重要原因。     

Actions of epinephrine on the contractility of fast and slow skeletal muscle fibres in teleosts

Fast and slow muscle fibers were isolated from the myotomes of atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius L.). Epinephrine was found to have no effect on twitch or sub-tetanic contractions in fast muscle fibres. Isoprenaline (10^–6M) had no effect on the contractility of slow muscle fibres. In contrast, epinephrine elicited a dose-dependent decrease in the half-time for twitch relaxation (t_1/2r), and in most cases a decrease in twitch amplitude. The maximum decrease in t_1/2r was around 5–20% of control values (at 10^–6M epinephrine), with a half maximal response at about 30 nmol l^–1. Responses to epinephrine were unaffected by propranolol and reversed by phentolamine, consistent with the stimulation of -adrenoreceptors. 10^–6M epinephrine produced a rise in cAMP levels from 1.8 to 3.1 pmol mg dry wt^–1 in cod slow fibres. However, the cellular mechanism underlying the action of epinephrine is unclear since forskolin, a potent activator of adenylate cyclase activity, where it has been investigated, was found to increase not decrease twitch duration and amplitude. The responses of fast and slow fibres to epinephrine and its antagonists were similar in summer (13°C) and winter acclimatized (5–6°C) sculpin.It is suggested that epinephrine may act to modulate the active state of slow muscle fibres at high cruising speeds and thereby increase swimming performance.     

聚丙烯酰胺的水土保持机制及研究进展

水土流失是我国主要环境问题之一。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为一种高分子聚合物,具有絮凝作用和水合作用,可提高土壤水分入渗,减少地表径流。PAM对土壤无毒害作用,可保肥、增产、集雨,在农业生产中具有广泛的应用前景。针对PAM的水土保持功能,介绍PAM水土保持机制、施用过程中涉及的关键因素、应用前景及存在的问题。PAM的类型较多,水土保持效果随施用类型、施用方法、施用量变化而不同。PAM在水土流失治理过程中应与当地的土壤、气候、地貌、植被等密切结合,才能发挥其最大功能。今后研究中应注重PAM施用后土壤侵蚀通用模型的建立及新型PAM产品的开发,为PAM在水土保持中的推广提供理论依据。     

PAM特性对砂土壤入渗及土壤侵蚀的影响

选择3种分子量(12×106、15×106和18×106Da)和3种水解度(7%、20%和35%)聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),测试PAM特性对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响。结果表明,3种不同分子量PAM均能明显提高土壤入渗,与对照相比,稳定入渗率分别增加了58.9%、92.2%和83.3%。中分子量和高分子量PAM处理增加入渗效果明显大于低分子量处理,但前两者之间差异不显著。同样不同分子量PAM处理可显著降低土壤侵蚀量,与对照相比,土壤侵蚀量分别降低26.3%、52.6%和26.3%。3种分子量之间比较,中等分子量效果明显好于其他两种分子量。3种水解度PAM提高稳定入渗率分别为对照的1.9倍、2.4倍和2.3倍,20%中等水解度增加初始入渗效果明显高于7%与35%水解度,PAM的水解度对侵蚀量影响不明显。低分子量PAM链长较短,不能在相邻的黏粒之间形成"搭接桥",使黏结作用减弱,而高分子量PAM分子链过长,难穿透进入土壤团聚体之间的空隙,中等分子量的分子链长处于中间尺度,较易穿透土壤空隙,也可形成土壤颗粒之间搭接,产生较好黏结效果。PAM水解度小,电荷密度小,吸附作用弱,但水解度大,电荷密度大,造成分子链之间互斥作用增强,反而导致PAM黏结作用减弱,因而,中等水解度施用效果较好。     

聚丙烯酰胺减少土壤养分的淋溶损失研究

采用室内人工土柱模拟试验方法,研究了在模拟耕层土壤中施加聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)后,土壤中主要营养元素N、P、K的淋溶损失状况。结果表明,经PAM处理后的土壤淋溶液中NO-3、PO-4和K 浓度均低于对照,其浓度分别较对照平均减少了约45.55%、49.37%和70.24%。PAM处理后,土壤淋溶液中全N、全P、全K的累积含量均低于对照,且随PAM浓度的增加其累积含量呈下降趋势。     

Polyacrylamide polymer (PAM) effect on the propagation of the wetting front on a Jordanian soil under trickle irrigation system

Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the efficiency of PAM in controlling soil erosion under surface irrigation; however, there are fewer studies that have examined the effect of PAM on soil-water relations. This trickle irrigation laboratory study on a Jordanian clay loam soil addressed the effect of PAM on the spreading of the wetting front. PAM was added to the irrigation water under a trickle irrigation experiment where we irrigated the soil for 30 min. Four PAM concentrations (0.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg l^?1) were used to examine its effect on the wetting front propagation in the soil. We also examined the effect of PAM on the soil water content, where we irrigated for 45 min, using two concentrations of PAM, 0.0 and 20.0 mg l^?1. The soil water content was measured at depths of 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 cm, 4 h, 24 h, and one week after completion of irrigation. PAM's effect on the soil water characteristic curve was studied using PAM concentrations of 0.0, 25, 50, and 100 mg l^?1. In this study the spread of the wetting front on the soil surface and in the vertical and horizontal directions inside the soil profile increased when PAM was added to the irrigation water. As the PAM concentration increased the spreading of the wetting front increased. The average wetting front spreading increased in the vertical direction from 7.8 cm when PAM was not used to 8.3, 9.6, and 12.1 cm, for PAM concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg l^?1, respectively. At the same time the average increase in the horizontal direction was from 18.4 to 18.5, 18.6, and 21.7 cm for PAM concentrations of 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg l^?1, respectively. The second experiment showed that at a soil depth of 20 cm, volumetric soil water content (θv) was 15.2% when the irrigation water contained 20.0 mg l^?1 of PAM compared to 13.9% when no PAM was added to the irrigation water. PAM did not have a significant effect on soil moisture characteristic curve.     

聚丙烯酰胺对地表氮素流失的影响研究

地表侵蚀条件下氮素的流失致使表层土壤退化及养分供给能力降低。在室内模拟降雨条件下,重点研究了高分子有机化合物聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用对泥沙氮素吸附能力及氮素流失水平的影响。试验施氮用肥为尿素,施氮水平设定为270kg/hm²,试验设定3个PAM施用水平(0,1和2g/m²),并设置不施氮也不施PAM作为对照处理,每个处理3次重复。试验分别在2个降雨强度(50和80mm/h)下进行。结果表明,PAM可以很好地维持土壤结构的稳定性,抑制地表细沟侵蚀的产生,从而有效地降低侵蚀产沙的水平。PAM的施用增强了泥沙对氮素的吸附水平,所以施用PAM的处理地表氮素流失仍明显减少,且氮素流失过程表现出与产沙过程很好的一致性,这说明PAM减少氮素流失的原因在于控制侵蚀产沙的水平。PAM的施用可以有效抑制地表泥沙和氮素的流失。