计算CN值及其在黄土高原典型流域降雨-径流模拟中的应用

针对SCS模型推广应用中存在的下垫面及气候不匹配造成的精度受限问题,基于SCS模型机制,反推得到CN值计算式。根据黄土高原小流域水保观测资料就不同土地利用类型对应的计算CN值进行率定,并在径流场和流域尺度进行还原验证,效果良好,表明计算CN值是一种值得推广和借鉴的水文计算模式,有助于提升SCS模型应用于黄土高原小流域降雨-径流模拟的精度。     

基于CFD的离心泵内部流场数值模拟与性能预测

计算流体动力学方法可以用来模拟和预测离心泵性能。基于三维雷诺时均的navier-stokes方程和标准的k-ε湍流模型,采用三维无结构网格及隐式修正SIMPLEC算法,利用Fluent 6.1软件中提供的多重参考系模型,对某一离心泵内部流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了离心泵内部流动现象和规律。将该离心泵性能预测值与实验值进行了比较,结果表明此种方法具有很高的精度,能为离心泵结构优化和性能预测提供理论基础。     

Estimation of breeding values from large‐sized routine carcass data in Japanese Black cattle using Bayesian analysis

Volumes of official data sets have been increasing rapidly in the genetic evaluation using the Japanese Black routine carcass field data. Therefore, an alternative approach with smaller memory requirement to the current one using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and the empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) is desired. This study applied a Bayesian analysis using Gibbs sampling (GS) to a large data set of the routine carcass field data and practically verified its validity in the estimation of breeding values. A Bayesian analysis like REML‐EBLUP was implemented, and the posterior means were calculated using every 10th sample from 90 000 of samples after 10 000 samples discarded. Moment and rank correlations between breeding values estimated by GS and REML‐EBLUP were very close to one, and the linear regression coefficients and the intercepts of the GS on the REML‐EBLUP estimates were substantially one and zero, respectively, showing a very good agreement between breeding value estimation by the current GS and the REML‐EBLUP. The current GS required only one‐sixth of the memory space with REML‐EBLUP. It is confirmed that the current GS approach with relatively small memory requirement is valid as a genetic evaluation procedure using large routine carcass data.     

多级离心泵轴向力平衡装置的设计与分析

可靠的轴向力平衡装置是高压多级离心泵实现平稳可靠运行的重要机构。针对反渗透海水淡化高压泵对结构和运行可靠性的特殊要求,设计了一种用于节段式多级离心泵的新型轴向力平衡装置。基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究了平衡装置内部的流场结构及其轴向力平衡机理,分析了不同轴向间隙、径向间隙以及滑动轴承长径比条件下的轴向力平衡特性。结果表明,不同进出口压差条件下,滑动轴承间隙内流动结构存在明显区别,轴承支撑机理发生变化;平衡力和相对泄漏量随轴向、径向间隙的增大呈非线性增大,平衡力随长径比增大近似呈线性增大,相对泄漏量随长径比增大近似呈线性减小。对径向、轴向间隙和长径比进行各种组合分析计算,得到轴向间隙0.2 mm、径向间隙0.3 mm、长径比为1的结构优化的新型机构,该机构既可以很好地平衡轴向力,又提高了多级泵的可靠性。     

Numerical simulation of flow field dynamics characteristics for a novel twin screw kneader

The numerical simulation for dynamic characteristics of the flow field of a novel twin screw kneader is carried out. The numerical simulation model of twin screw kneader is established,and the three dimensional,isothermal and steady numerical analyses of non newtonian fluid are presented based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)theory,and the characteristics under the conditions of different speeds and center distances,such as the distribution of pressure and velocity field,the maximum shear stress,the mass flow rate and so on,are studied. The research results show that：with increasing speed,the maximum flow pressure,the mass flow rate and the maximum shear stress increase; the maximum shear stress increases first and then decreases with increasing of center distance of the screw rotors,while the mass flow rate increases with increasing of center distance; but when the center distance reaches a certain degree,the mass flow rate is negative and the material appears serious reflux which can make the kneader stop working. The results provide a theoretical basis for performance prediction and reasonable designing for the novel twin screw kneader.     

沼气池搅拌的CFD模拟及温度场验证

为了对底侧入式搅拌的沼气发酵池内的流场进行研究,该文采用计算流体力学方法,以上海市崇明县某示范工程的主体沼气发酵池（69.3 m3）为对象,对流场和温场进行计算模拟,并通过温度测量来验证温度数值模拟的可靠性,从而间接验证流场数据准确性。通过温度场的模拟和实测数据对比,整体温场模拟和实测数据在0.05水平下无显著差异;通过流场模拟和工程运行的观察,都反映此发酵池中设计的底侧入式搅拌不能充分实现发酵池的搅拌。但模型在相关设定上仍有与实际不符之处,模型仍有待完善。     

喉管长度对环形射流泵性能影响的数值模拟

基于有限体积法和Realizablek-ε紊流模型,应用Fluent软件对环形射流泵内部流场进行数值模拟,并对计算的可靠性进行验证.由射流泵内部流场可以看出,环形射流泵射流的扩展混合在喉管和扩散管中均存在.针对不同喉管长度下环形射流泵内部射流扩展和壁面压力分布情况,模拟分析了不同喉管长度对环形射流泵性能和效率的影响.结果表明,喉管长度对喉管内射流扩展、环形射流泵性能和效率均有一定影响.喉管越长,射流扩展混合程度越好,但过长的喉管会带来较大的摩阻损失.根据效率最高原则,环形射流泵喉管长度Lt应符合Lt/Dt=2.17-2.89,其中当喉管长度为喉管直径2.69倍时效率最高,可达到35.6%.     

基于混相模型的明渠高含沙流动底部边界条件适用性比较

由于高浓度悬浮泥沙会显著改变明渠底部的流动特征,明渠高含沙流动的数值模拟需要考虑泥沙对底部边界条件的影响。该研究基于水沙混相模型研究了不同底部边界条件对明渠高含沙流动数值模拟的影响,引入5种底部边界条件,包括给定流速的第一类边界条件、给定流速梯度的第二类边界条件、标准壁函数以及两种分别改进紊动能和紊动能耗散率的第二类边界条件,并研究了各底部边界条件对流速、紊动能、涡粘系数和泥沙浓度的计算结果的影响。结果表明,在多种含沙条件下采用第一类边界条件、标准壁函数和改进紊动能的第二类边界条件的计算结果能保持较高的准确性,流速和泥沙浓度的平均相对误差分别小于5%和10%;第二类边界条件和改进紊动能耗散率的第二类边界条件仅适用于低含沙条件,在高含沙条件下会造成较大的计算误差;第一类边界条件和改进紊动能的第二类边界条件需要根据试验数据校正模型系数,由于工程流动较为复杂,通常难以提供全面的试验数据用于系数校正,因此它们在工程计算中应用范围有限;标准壁函数无须校正系数并自动调整底部边界的流速和紊动能,能够适应多种含沙条件,适用于引黄灌溉工程中渠道输水、泵站淤积等问题的数值研究。     

基于CFD的混流式水轮机内的涡旋研究

混流式水轮机尾水管中的低频涡带、转轮中的叶道涡及导叶和转轮叶片出口处的卡门涡是产生压力脉动,引起机组振动的主要水力原因。为了解决机组运行的稳定性问题,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟方法,从影响水轮发电机组稳定运行的流体因素出发,研究混流式水轮机中各种涡旋的产生机理和本身特征,找到减轻涡旋造成不利影响的有效办法。