Effects of Controlled-Release Fertilizers and Their Application Methods on Germination and Seedling Growth of Dent and Sweet Corns

Effects of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) (C-AS, polyolefin coated ammonium sulfate, 50-day-type; Dd-LP, polyolefin coated urea with dicyandiamide, 40-day-type; C-ANP, polyolefin coated ammonium nitrate phosphate, 40-day-type; and C-DAP, polyolefin coated diammonium acid phosphate, 40-day-type), ammonium sulphate and no fertilizer control, and their application methods (spot, band, surface and mixed) on germination and seedling development of sweet corn (Zea mays L.var. saccharata Sturt.) and dent corn (Zea mays L.var. indentata Sturt.) were investigated in a greenhouse. Under co-situs application (band and spot) of CRFs, there were no obvious differences in the germination speed and rate for both dent corn and sweet corn relative to control. Mortality rates of sweet corn seedlings under co-situs application were high in experiment 1, but were very low in experiment 2, because the environmental conditions were different in the two experiments. That is, under lower temperature and weaker sunlight, young seedlings easily die due to high soil nutrient concentration and slow growth speed of corn. Shoot weight of both dent and sweet corn did not greatly decrease in experiment 1. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in shoot and root weight of both corns between cositus and surface or mixed application methods. However, with spot and band application of ammonium sulfate, shoot and root weight were significantly reduced. Soil EC and pH were considerably affected by co-situs application, especially at the fertilizer application site. For both dent and sweet corn, EC in the 0-3 cm soil was significantly higher under co-situs application and surface application than that under mixed application, whereas in the 3-6 cm soil depth the situation was reversed. Compared with control, mixed application of CRFs decreased soil pH slightly (0-3 cm depth) or greatly (3-6 cm depth).     

有机无机肥配施及硝化抑制剂对菜园生态系统硝酸盐污染的调控效应

为探明有机无机肥配施及其与硝化抑制剂配合施用对菜园生态系统氮素的吸收利用和迁移转化的影响,采用田间小区试验,对小白菜—土壤生态系统硝酸盐污染状况进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,有机无机肥配施及配合施用硝化抑制剂HQ、DCD和TU均不同程度地降低小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。减少耕层土壤中硝酸盐的积累,提高耕层土壤中铵态氮的含量。     

含氯钾肥对马铃薯裂薯和产量的影响

进行马铃薯施用氯化钾肥试验,结果表明：脱毒种薯施用氯化钾,马铃薯的产量和裂薯率与施用硫酸钾差别不大;未经脱毒种薯施用氯化钾,马铃薯的产量极显著降低,裂薯率极显著增加。     

增效载体在新型微量元素肥料中的应用现状及前景展望

微量元素是植物生长发育必需的营养元素,微量元素肥料在作物增产提质、逆境抗性和农田健康等方面有重要作用。相对于传统的微量元素肥料,通过增效载体与微量元素有机结合制成的新型微量元素增效载体肥料具有水溶性好、移动性快、稳定性强、难以被土壤固定且易于被植物吸收利用等特点。筛选或创制增效载体是新型微量元素肥料研发的核心环节,本文概述了新型微量元素肥料增效载体及其类型、主要作用机制,综述了新型微量元素肥料增效载体的研发现状及其在农业生产中的应用效果,指明了新型微量元素增效载体肥料在实际应用中存在的问题,提出了针对性建议,并对其下一步发展趋势进行了展望。     

Effects of Fertilizing Materials on Rapidly Available-N in Black Soil in Songnen Plain

The analyses on the mathematical models of the long- term location test in black soil in Song-nen Plain shows that farm manure and chemical fertilizers make great contribution to rapidly available-N in soil, while stalk makes less contribution. The most optimal pattern of fertilizing materials is 28 t / ha of farm manure, 630 kg / ha chemical fertilizers and 2.41 / ha of stalk.     

基于大尺度水肥耦合模型估算新疆膜下滴灌棉花生产潜力

在中国棉花主产区新疆,灌溉是农业生产的重要措施,前人研究获得了丰富的试验数据。该研究综合现有田间试验数据,建立了大尺度水-氮耦合模型,估算新疆膜下滴灌棉花的产量潜力,并根据建立的模型,预测有限水资源供应下2020年新疆的棉花产量。从文献收集1998—2016年新疆地区共172组数据。考虑棉花品种、灌水量和施氮量是影响棉花产量的主要因素,首先根据数据可获性和气候条件,将新疆分为南疆和北疆,然后基于棉花品种,分别建立了南疆和北疆大尺度水氮耦合模型。模型验证表明模型是可靠的,北疆地区模型的R2为0.57,归一化均方根误差为11%,一致性指数0.85,南疆地区R2为0.83,归一化均方根误差为8.3%,一致性指数为0.95。根据模型,南疆最佳灌溉和氮肥施用量分别为604 mm和325 kg/hm~2,相应产量潜力为6 773 kg/hm~2;北疆最佳灌溉和氮肥施用量分别为552 mm和354 kg/hm~2,相应产量潜力为5 961 kg/hm~2;根据新疆未来规划(2020),2020年新疆单位面积棉花可获得灌溉水量为494mm,假设2020年肥力最优供应,根据建立的模型,2020年受水资源限制下,北疆和南疆棉籽单产分别为5 900和6 695 kg/hm~2,皮棉总产可达5.2×106 t。2014年皮棉总产约3.7×106 t,为2020年受水资源限制下皮棉产量潜力的71%。该研究可为新疆膜下滴灌的推广和农业水资源规划提供参考。     

云南蔗区播期与水氮耦合对甘蔗产量和糖分影响

播期调控和水氮优化管理是提高作物产量和品质的有效措施。德宏是云南甘蔗主产区之一,属于典型的湿润蔗区,然而播期和水氮管理对该区甘蔗生产的耦合效应尚不明确。该文基于云南德宏蔗区瑞丽甘蔗试验站的大田分期播种试验数据评估了APSIM-Sugar(Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator-Sugar)模型的适应性,并应用验证后的模型进行了播期和水氮耦合对甘蔗大田生产影响的情景模拟,通过比较不同耦合方式下的蔗茎产量、蔗茎含糖量、水分和氮肥利用效率等指标差异,分析了云南德宏蔗区雨养和灌溉条件下的最优播期和水氮管理耦合方案。结果表明:APSIM-Sugar模型能够较准确的模拟云南德宏蔗区甘蔗代表品种(ROC22和YZ0551)在典型播期下的蔗茎产量和含糖量变化趋势,模拟相对均方根误差在10%以内,决定系数R~2大于0.9。播期调控和水氮优化能够为德宏蔗区的甘蔗生产提供积极影响,雨养条件下采用春植或冬植有利于甘蔗稳产和水氮高效利用,灌溉条件下采用秋植或春植有利于甘蔗高产和水氮高效利用。云南德宏等湿润蔗区旱地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,冬植蔗12月下旬播种,施用纯氮60 kg/hm~2,可获得95～100t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于19%)。水浇地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,施用纯氮120 kg/hm~2,配合伸长期灌水360 mm,可获得近120 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于17%);秋植蔗10月下旬播种,施用纯氮180 kg/hm~2,配合分蘖期和伸长期灌水720 mm,可获得近170 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于18%)。研究结果可为在云南湿润蔗区进行甘蔗生产的播期调控和水氮优化提供依据,为甘蔗高产高效种植管理决策提供参考。     

减氮节水对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦光合特性与产量的影响

针对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产中氮肥投入过量及水资源利用效率低的问题,探究减氮背景下节水灌溉对春小麦群体动态、光合特性及产量的影响。2021年以宁春4号为供试材料,分别设置3个施氮水平（常规施氮270 kg/hm2、减施氮肥25%和不施氮）和3个灌溉定额（常规灌溉400 mm、节水20%和节水40%）。结果表明：1）同一氮肥水平下不同灌溉处理的群体总茎数均无显著性差异;同一灌溉定额水平下常规施氮和减氮水平处理的群体总茎数均显著高于不施氮处理,但二者无显著差异,减氮节水处理亦能维持较高的群体总茎数和茎蘖成穗率。2）与常规施氮相比,减氮25%对春小麦的生长发育无明显影响,在此基础上节水20%并不会降低春小麦株高,叶面积的生长,不会减少春小麦干物质累积量。3）减氮水平与常规施氮处理的春小麦叶片SPAD值和光合指标无明显差异,减氮水平下节水20%处理的叶片SPAD值和光合指标同常规灌溉无显著差异,但显著高于节水40%处理。4）所有水氮处理中减氮水平下20%节水处理的穗粒数和千粒质量最高,春小麦产量达8 092.52 kg/hm2,与常规施氮常规灌溉处理的产量无显著差异。减氮25%节水20%处理的灌溉施肥模式,既可获得较高产量又可以节约水氮资源,达到了宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产中减氮、节水、稳产的目的。因此,可作为当地适宜的施氮灌溉方案。     

Reducing nitrogen loss by application of natural clinoptilolite modified with quaternary N-Alkyl agent as controlled-release fertilizer in two species of beans (P. Vulgaris and Vigna Unguiculata)

In this work, a novel controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) was designed by using new quaternary N-alkyl as an innovative surface modifier for clinoptilolite in order to adsorb the nitrate anion. So far, a few number of commercial cationic surfactants have been introduced for engineered zeolites to adsorb and slow release anions. Therefore, an organic ligand was synthesized for the first time and was applied for modification of clinoptilolite. Investigating the effect of pH and adsorbent dosage showed that the experimental adsorption data were fitted well with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Moreover, nitrate leaching tests were performed and the results confirmed that nitrate concentration of the leachate from the soil amended with novel fertilizer was 42% lower than that of the urea fertilizer. The growth parameters including were studied and the results showed that the red beans planted in the soil amended with modified fertilizer had the best results.     

种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量与水氮利用效率的影响

为确定中国西北地区冬油菜适宜的种植方式及其施氮量,该文通过3 a田间试验,在垄沟集雨(ridge film mulching and furrow planting,RFMF)和传统平作(flat planting,FP)2种种植方式下设置6个施氮量:0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm~2(以N计,下同),分别记为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240和N300,研究不同种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,与FP相比,RFMF能显著提高冬油菜收获时的地上部干物质量(aboveground dry matter,ADM)、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(nitrogen partial factor productivity,NPFP),并显著降低其耗水量(evapotranspiration,ET)。相同ET下,RFMF方式下冬油菜的籽粒产量和WUE均高于FP。RFMF方式下,在0~240 kg/hm~2施氮范围内,冬油菜的ADM、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量和WUE均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,超过240 kg/hm~2,ADM和氮素累积吸收量不再显著变化,而ET显著增加,籽粒产量和WUE显著降低。2种种植方式下,冬油菜的氮肥农学利用率(nitrogen agronomic efficiency,NAE)、生理利用率(nitrogen physiological efficiency,NPE)和吸收利用率(nitrogen recovery efficiency,NRE)均随施氮量的增加,先增后降,且基本在N180处理最大;冬油菜的NPFP随施氮量的增加而降低。RFMF方式下,N240处理冬油菜的NAE、NPE、NRE和NPFP与N180处理无显著差异;且N240处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高,3a平均为3 002 kg/hm~2和9 538元/hm~2;FP方式下,N180处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高,3 a平均为2 291 kg/hm~2和7 498元/hm~2;2种种植方式的最高产量和净效益相比,RFMF可分别提高31.0%和27.2%。综上,在西北地区RFMF可应用于冬油菜的栽培,且适宜施氮量为240 kg/hm~2。