Nitrate leaching losses under Miscanthus grass planted on a silty clay loam soil

Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer-N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha^-1. During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate-N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha^-1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha^-1. Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha^-1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha^-1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus , once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops.     

Dynamic model for the effects of K fertilizer on crop growth, K-uptake and soil-K in arable cropping. 2. Field test of the model

Abstract. The validity of the model described in Greenwood & Karpinets (1997) was tested against the results of single year, multi level K fertilizer experiments. Measurements of plant mass, %K in the plant and K activity ratio in soil had been made at harvest and at intervals during the growing season on spring wheat, summer cabbage and turnips. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between these measurements and simulated values when the two 'crop' parameters (defining the dependence of critical and maximum possible %K on plant mass) were adjusted for each crop. Also good agreement was generally obtained for plant weight and plant %K at harvest in less detailed experiments on 10 other crops. Values of the two 'crop' parameters for 12 of the crops were strongly correlated with one another suggesting that a single 'crop' parameter may be all that is required to define most inter-species differences in plant-K demand.
Simulations with the model indicate that, in central England, no response of 10 crops to K fertilizer would be likely on soils containing more than 170 mg of 1 M ammonium nitrate extractable-K/kg of soil and having clay contents of between 15 and 45%. Shortcomings of the model and opportunities for advance are discussed.
A simplified version of the model runs on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda-djg/potass.htm     

果园无公害管理

针对我国果品生产普遍存在的农药、化肥、塑料污染等问题，提出无公害管理的主要措施：通过采取农业措施，搞好病虫预测预报和适当药剂防治等控制病虫害，以有机肥和果园覆草为主，结合少量施用化肥建立科学的肥水管理制度，控制塑料污染和环境污染，建立标准化的生产技术规程。     

有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

为探究有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响,2018—2020年,选用鸡粪型有机肥进行不同比例有机肥替代化肥田间小区试验。试验采用两因素裂区设计,主区为3个杂交水稻品种,分别是宜香优1108、F优498、德优4727;副区为不同比例有机肥替代化肥,在总施氮量150 kg·hm^-2水平下,设置100%化学N肥（M1）、75%化学N肥+25%有机肥（M2）、50%化学N肥+50%有机肥（M3）、25%化学N肥+75%有机肥（M4）和100%有机肥（M5）共5个处理,以不施N肥为对照（CK）。结果表明,随着有机肥比例的增加,3个品种的每穗粒数和产量均先增加后降低。对于宜香优1108,M2处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高,2018、2019和2020年分别较M1处理增产2.92%、5.53%和8.07%。对于F优498和德优4727,M3处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高,3年分别较M1处理平均增产9.13%、7.33%、7.21%和2.7%、6.03%、8.69%。施肥处理中均以M5处理的产量最低。对于氮素转运率,M2和M3处理水稻的氮素转运率增加,其中,宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素转运率3年平均较M1处理提高9.40%和11.41%,F优498提高9.63%和19.18%,德优4727提高9.40%和18.03%。随着有机肥比例的增加,氮素表观利用率降低,氮素收获指数、氮素农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均先增加后减少。宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素收获指数3年平均较M1处理提高5.05%和5.54%,F优498提高4.53%和8.80%,德优4727提高4.88%和8.98%。由此表明,在精量穴直播下,有机肥与无机肥的合理配施能更好地调控水稻对养分的吸收利用,从而提高产量;宜香优1108采用25%有机肥替代化学氮肥时产量最佳,而F优498和德优4727采用50%有机肥替代化学氮肥增产效果更好。     

一种芦笋茎枯病防治喷头的试验研究

为促进本地区芦笋种植业规模化发展,提高芦笋种植产量,减少芦笋茎枯病防治用工成本,提出一种喷雾器喷头。采用该喷头进行施药,可以代替人工涂抹施药方式。对该喷头进行了试验研究,研究结果显示,3喷头喷雾器能明显降低芦笋茎枯病防治用工投入,且具有一定的茎枯病防治能力,在一定程度上可以替代人工涂茎作业,为芦笋规模化种植提供了基础。     

施用不同钾肥对辣椒产量和品质的影响

通过在辣椒上进行不同钾肥单独或混合施用试验,研究了不用种类钾肥对辣椒产量及品质的影响。研究结果表明,在正常施用氮、磷肥的基础上,处理1（全用K2SO4）产量最高,处理2（全用KCl）经济效益最高,杂椒线椒粗脂肪、VC含量均随K2SO4施用量上升而上升,太椒303随KCl施用量增加而增加,但产品中Cl^-含量是否超标有待进一步检测。     

旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥在水稻上的使用效果比较

[目的]探讨旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥在水稻上的应用效果。[方法]进行田间试验,室内考种分析,探讨2种肥料在水稻上的应用效果。[结果]旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥处理的水稻,表现为熟期提早,植株矮壮,后期熟相好。虽有效穗比对照分别有所减少,但穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均有所增加。比斯美生物有机肥处理的水稻与对照平产,旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥处理的水稻产量比对照增加0.54个百分点。[结论]旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥具有较好的肥效,比斯美生物有机肥肥效不明显,能够节省化肥的使用。     

不同氮肥对污染土壤玉米生长和重金属Cu、Cd吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验研究污染红壤不同氮肥处理对玉米生长和吸收重金属Cu和Cd的影响。结果表明,尿素和硝酸钙处理玉米生物量高于低硫酸铵用量处理和对照处理。在污染土壤中施入高氮量的尿素较其他处理有利于玉米生长和降低玉米植株体内重金属含量。与对照相比,尿素和硫酸铵的施用降低土壤pH值,从而增加红壤水溶态以及盐提取态Cu、Cd含量;硝酸钙处理升高土壤的pH值,降低盐提取态Cu含量。用1.0 mol/L NH₄NO₃盐提取态或水溶态根区土壤重金属含量能够很好地预测玉米对Cu和Cd的吸收。在Cu和Cd污染的酸性土壤上种植玉米,施加高用量尿素或者低用量硝酸钙来促进玉米生长和降低重金属含量,避免硫酸铵氮肥的施用。     

稻草还田腐熟与化肥配施对晚稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

稻草还田腐熟可以改善土壤理化性状,对水稻生长的经济性状指标有一定的影响,稻草还田腐熟后提供的氮、磷、钾营养元素可以减施化肥用量。试验中与无稻草还田常规施肥相比,稻草还田腐熟,以氮磷肥用量减少10%,钾肥用量减少10%~20%为宜,可使当季土壤有机质含量增加0.1~0.2 g/kg,提高0.3%~0.6%,而产量、产值和纯收益无明显差异。     

小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥在冬小麦生产上的应用效果

为了明确小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥在冬小麦生产上的应用效果,分别在中水肥和中低水肥2种肥力的地块上,以施用普通化肥（尿素和磷酸二铵）为对照,研究了底施小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥对小麦长势、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥的小麦长势良好,秸秆粗壮,抗倒伏;中后期无需追肥也能满足小麦整个生育期的养分需求,省时省工;产量性状得到显著改善,籽粒产量和外观品质明显提高,增收节支合计收益高达2300元／hm2以上。小麦专用涂层缓释一次肥在小麦生产上有较好的应用效果和应用前景,可在生产上广泛推广应用。