城市温室气体排放清单编制研究进展

温室气体排放清单是目前最常用的城市碳排放核算方法,有助于在大尺度上了解城市不同行业或部门的温室气体排放情况.然而,中国城市温室气体清单研究刚刚起步,研究成果还不多,尚缺乏系统、规范的城市温室气体研究方法和指标体系.概述了城市温室气体排放清单的主要参考编制方法,介绍了国内外城市温室气体清单的编制情况,对目前城市温室气体清单编制的特点进行了分析,总结了城市温室气体清单与国家温室气体清单在关键排放源、编制模式、方法体系等方面的差异;在此基础上结合我国城市实际,对适合中国城市的温室气体清单编制方法进行了探索,并针对清单编制过程中存在的具体问题提出了建议;最后对未来城市温室气体清单的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为中国温室气体清单编制及研究提供借鉴.     

贵州白鹇湖沉积物中孢粉记录的5.5kaB.P.以来的气候变化

通过对白鹇湖沉积物柱芯孢粉组合的剖面变化分析,在有机质14C定年基础上,探讨了白鹇湖地区过去5.5 ka calB.P.以来的植被演替和气候变化过程.研究结果表明,5500-4500 aB.P.期间,各类植被比较丰富,气候温暖湿润;4500-2750 aB.P.期间,干旱草本和蕨类植物开始出现,是气候转变过渡期;2750-1500 aB.P.期间,木本植物组合类型发生明显变化,喜湿草本减少,耐旱草本增加,气候向温凉干旱化发展;1500 aB.P.至今,木本植被和喜湿草本继续减少,中生耐旱草本和蕨类植物数量继续大幅增加,干旱化趋势明显,植被组合向典型石漠化植被组合类型发展.白鹇湖沉积物剖面孢粉组合变化表明,该地区近5000a来气候变化以温度下降、降水减少为主要趋势,并存在明显的陆地植被退化现象.研究还揭示了自然气候变化事件(如气候持续干旱)可导致喀斯特地区发生石漠化,证实了喀斯特地区生态环境具先天脆弱性.科学评估白鹇湖地区气候干旱化趋势及其生态环境影响对指导该地区科学应对气候变化具重要意义,亟待加强.     

长白山北坡不同林型内红松年表特征及其与气候因子的关系

运用树木年轮学的基本原理和方法,选取了长白山北坡保存完好的典型性植被阔叶红松林,探讨了杨桦红松林和椴树红松林内建群种红松(Pinus koraiensis)径向生长对气候要素的响应.结果表明,长白山北坡红松的径向生长对降水较为敏感,杨桦红松林和椴树红松林中,红松年轮宽度均与当年7月以及上一年9月的降水呈显著正相关关系.不同林型内红松的生长与气候因子的关系也有差异.椴树红松的年轮宽度还与上年7月的降水显著负相关,与当年3、4月份的平均气温呈显著正相关.而杨桦红松林内红松年轮宽度和平均温度没有显著的相关关系.特征年分析进一步验证了响应函数相关分析的结果,即当年生长季以及上年生长季末的降水充足促进了红松的径向生长;椴树红松林中,初春温度的升高有利于红松的生长.     

基于GIS的缓坡烟田土壤养分空间变异研究

综合运用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,分析了缓坡地形下土壤养分的空间变异规律,并绘制养分空间分布图,为山地缓坡烟田养分分区及精准施肥决策提供理论依据.结果表明:研究区内4种养分含量均具中等程度变异.土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的变程分别为61.8、76.3、70.5 m和57 m.土壤速效钾的分形维数最高,有机质和碱解氮其次,速效磷最低.有机质和速效钾的最适模型为指数模型,块金系数分别为30.9％和31.1％;碱解氮和速效磷可用球状模型进行较好拟合,其块金系数分别为37.7％和26.4％,4种养分均有中等程度的空间相关性.各向异性和趋势性分析均显示,有机质和速效磷具有较强的各向异性,碱解氮和速效钾的各向同性范围最广.研究区4种养分的空间分布格局在海拔和坡度的影响下呈现出一定的规律性,低值均在坡度较大的中北部出现,东北部和南部较平缓区域出现高值.     

阴雨寡照灾害对云南烤烟的种植风险预测

阴雨寡照灾害在未来将具有"空间+时间动态性"的变化特征.笔者根据烤烟种植适宜性指标和阴雨寡照等级指标,利用1981-2010年连续30年的逐日气象观测资料和2021-2050年全球气候模式HadGEM2-ES的RCPs排放情景预估结果,结合灾害系统理论,采用多元回归、"距平逼近"插值和栅格运算等方法,分析阴雨寡照灾害对...     

1960-2018年博斯腾湖水位变化特征及其影响因素分析

结合博斯腾湖1960—2018年水位、出入湖径流以及气象站点实测资料,采用集合经验模态分解(Ensem?ble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)、水量平衡和气候弹性方法,对近60 a博斯腾湖水位变化及其影响因素进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)1960—2018年博斯腾湖水位总体呈下降态势,具体表现为“下降-上升-下降-上升”四个阶段。(2)在年际尺度上水位存在准3~4 a、准8~9 a的周期性振荡,而年代际尺度上表现出准29~30 a和准33~34 a的周期性变化。(3)1960—2018年降水、气温和潜在蒸散发对开都河、黄水沟和焉耆径流的累积贡献率分别达85.1%、42.1%和23.8%,而下垫面、其他气象变量和人为等因素累积对径流的贡献率分别约为14.9%、57.9%和76.2%。(4)对不同阶段博斯腾湖水位变化原因分析:1960—1987年水位急剧下降的主要原因同入湖径流减少和湖面蒸发量大有关;气温升高和降水量增加导致入湖水量增加是1988—2002年水位显著升高的主要原因;入湖径流减少和出湖水量增多,导致2003—2014年水位显著下降;博斯腾湖入湖水量的显著增加及对出湖水量的严格控制是2015—2018年水位明显上升的主要原因。     

气候变化背景下舟山沿岸上升流区夏季水动力演变机制

全球变暖会对舟山沿岸上升流的驱动机制产生深远影响,继而作用于海域内的生态环境及渔业资源发生的变迁。使用三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,模拟研究了热通量、风场等气候环境因子变化下舟山沿岸上升流区夏季水动力及环境因子的分布特征。通过引入跃变检验方法来评估全球变暖对过去三十多年来舟山及其邻近海域的夏季海表温度的影响,发现在2016年前后发生了明显的跃变,跃变后海表温度相对于跃变前升高了约1 °C;热通量分析结果显示春季云量减小,短波辐射增加导致的海水热含量增加是夏季海水升温的重要原因;风速的时空变化表明舟山海域7月风速在近几十年有减弱的趋势。通过构建气候环境因子变化的敏感性数值模型实验探究了舟山沿岸上升流水动力的演变机制,结果表明海气热通量增加导致的表层海水吸热及平流热输运增加引起的海水层化加强会使得底层海水不易抬升;夏季风应力的减弱削弱了长江冲淡水低盐水舌的离岸扩展,导致上升流区上层海水的层化减弱,从而加强中下层海水向岸爬升,增加沿岸上升流的强度。     

Spatial Variability of Corn Yield and Yield Response to Fertilizer Nitrogen: Role of Organic Carbon

Utility of organic carbon (OC) content as an indicator of corn (Zea maize L.) grain yield and yield response to nitrogen (N) across a broad range of conditions was assessed using data from two studies (the first on a variable landscape at Elora Research Station and the second on 19 landscapes in private farms) conducted from 1998 to 2003 in southern Ontario. Zero and 140/150 kg N ha^?1 were applied in all studies. Yields generally increased linearly or quadratically with increasing OC. Regression models indicated 42% of the data sets had no response to fertilizer N and in only two data sets in Elora and no data sets in private farms were yield responses to N dependent on OC. When yield increased with fertilizer addition, it was similar for all OC contents in a landscape. We concluded that OC content cannot be used to identify N-management units in southern Ontario.     

Interaction between Salinity and Original Habitat during Germination of the Annual Seashore Halophyte Cakile Maritima

The impact of salinity (0–400 mM NaCl) on the germination of four Tunisian accessions (Tabarka, Mahdia, Sfax, and Jerba) of the halophyte Cakile maritima was assessed. Moderate salinity (50–150 mM NaCl) slightly inhibited the germination of Sfax, Mahdia, and Jerba seeds, since more than 75% of the sown seeds germinated. Salt adverse impact was more pronounced in Tabarka seeds, which showed significantly less germination capacity, even under salt‐free conditions (40%). Although increasing salinity drastically inhibited the germination in Tabarka, Sfax was the most tolerant accession, especially at 200–300 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Assessing germination kinetics using a mathematical model indicated that high salinity impaired and delayed the germination process. Such an effect resulted from the combination of osmotic and toxic components, especially at the greatest concentrations (300–400 mM NaCl). These findings point out that the successful establishment of this halophyte at the earliest ontogeny stages is both accession‐ and salt‐dependent.     

Apparent Electrical Conductivity in Correspondence to Soil Chemical Properties and Plant Nutrients in Soil

Spatial variability and relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a), soil chemical properties, and plant nutrients in soil have not been well documented in Malaysian paddy fields. For this reason precision farming has been used for assessing field conditions. EC_a technique for describing soil spatial variability is used for soil data acquisition. Soil sampling provides the data used to make maps of the spatial patterns in soil properties. Maps are then used to make recommendations on the variation of application rates. The main purpose of the authors in this study was to generate variability map of soil EC_a within a Malaysian rice cultivation area using VerisEC sensor. The EC_a values were compared to some soil properties after delineation. Measured parameters were mapped using kriging technique and their correlation with soil EC_a was determined. Through this study the authors showed that the EC sensor can determine soil spatial variability, where it can acquire the soil information quickly.