双流道泵叶轮边界涡量流分析与水力优化

为优化双流道泵叶轮,对原始泵的内流场进行数值模拟,引入边界涡量动力学理论进行流动诊断,分析了叶轮表面的边界涡量流(BVF)、摩擦力线以及涡量线的分布规律,找到了叶轮内产生不良流动的位置及其动力学根源。根据流动诊断结果,有针对性地调整影响双流道泵叶轮内流状态的结构参数,得到优化后的双流道泵叶轮。联合CFD计算和边界涡量动力学流动诊断方法,对比分析了优化前后的双流道泵叶轮,结果表明:优化后叶轮表面的BVF、摩擦力线以及涡线分布得到明显改善,BVF峰值和均值均显著降低,均匀性指数更接近于1,流动分离被抑制,叶轮受力状况得到改善,扬程和效率等水力性能明显提高。研究结果证明了基于边界涡量动力学理论的流动诊断和优化方法在流道式叶轮机械中应用的可行性。     

不同面积比射流混药器的混药特性试验

建立射流混药器模型函数特性方程,理论分析不同结构参数的射流混药器混药状态下的压力比h与混药比q的函数关系,对面积比m∈(0.86,12.76)内25种面积比的射流混药器在工作压力范围0.4~1.2MPa内5个工作压力水平下进行在线混药特性试验,分析不同面积比射流混药器的压力比与混药比的变化规律。试验结果表明:射流混药器的h-q特性曲线斜率只与面积比m有关,与工作压力无关;不同面积比的射流混药器的压力比h和混药比q都呈线性递减,小面积比的射流混药器具有小混药比及高压力比的特点。定压力比h=0.35时,只有面积比m4.34的射流混药器处于混药工作状态(q0),其他面积比的射流混药器均处于回流状态(q0)。面积比m对射流混药器的混药区间hj影响显著,面积比m从1.34增大到4.13,混药区间hj从0.68衰减到0.35,降幅48.5%。以最大混药比q0.1、混药区间hj0.3 5为设计需求,射流混药器的面积比m范围为1.7 3~4.1 3。     

气吹式播种机气室结构对流场性能的影响分析

通过对国内外育苗播种机供种方式的研究,设计了一种基于气吹式供种的新方案,并对种箱气室进行了理论分析研究,包括种箱气室内部流场数学模型研究。同时,设计了3种结构形状的气室,运用Fluent软件平台,分别在不同高度,不同宽度、不同入口速度情况下进行正交数值模拟实验,找出各因素对种箱气室出口流场均匀性和出口速度的影响规律及结果,显示种箱气室的入口速度和气室宽度对实验结果有显著性影响,种箱气室结构形状是气室出口速度的大小及流场均匀性为主要影响因素。仿真实验结果为后期样机的制作及其试验提供了有效的理论基础。     

微联合收获机气流式清选装置嵌入式设计

微型联合收割机气流式清选装置作业过程中,由于其转速较高,容易产生籽粒损失问题,当风力不足时,还容易出现堵塞问题,影响了机器的正常收割作业。为此,提出了一种新型气流式清选装置。该装置利用嵌入式单片机和μC/OS-II实时操作系统增加了反馈监测设备,借助高速摄像拍摄不同籽粒和茎秆杂质在清选装置中的运动情况,对电机的最佳转速进行调节。为了实现装置的实时监控和反馈调节,将μC/OS-II实时系统在MC9S12XS128单片机上进行了移植,取得了良好效果。对清选装置进行了测试,结果表明:清选装置可在较低转速下完成对谷物籽粒和杂物的分离,损失率低,分离效率较高,符合高精度微型联合收割机的设计标准。     

流道结构对非旋转折射式喷头水力性能影响的试验研究

以非旋转折射式喷头为研究对象,设计散水盘的流道长度、流道个数和流道出口形状,通过正交试验测试了单喷头水量分布,采用线性插值法计算射程,通过直接叠加法得到组合水量分布,计算了2.5m喷头间距下的组合均匀性系数,并运用极差分析法研究了流道结构参数对喷头水力性能的影响。结果表明:不同流道长度、流道个数和流道出口形状非旋转折射式喷头的单喷头水量分布呈波浪形上下浮动,但波动的幅度有差异。流道结构参数对射程影响的主次顺序为流道长度、流道个数、流道出口形状,对喷灌强度峰值影响的主次顺序为流道个数、流道长度、流道出口形状,对组合喷洒均匀性系数影响的主次顺序为流道个数、流道长度、流道出口形状。     

涌泉灌双向流流道稳流器工作机理与水力性能分析

为了研究双向流稳流器流道结构的水力特性,以其内部双向流形成装置和结构参数为研究对象,取流道结构参数八字形分水件张角α,V字形挡水件张角β、八字形分水件中部过水孔宽度d为因素安排试验方案,利用激光精雕技术制作稳流器样机进行水力试验,测得0.05~0.21 MPa等9个不同压力对应的流量值,应用多元回归拟合其流态指数在0.476~0.501,其水力性能良好;同时采用水力学计算方法,计算当稳流器工作水头分别在5~15 m时,流道总局部损失系数为18.3~19.8,大约是1组传统流道形式局部损失系数的4~10倍,从水力学计算的角度表明双向流流道消能效果的优越性;采用Minitab软件的Gauss-Newton算法进行多元回归,迭代次数设为200次,建立流态指数与结构参数之间的回归方程,通过显著性检验和相关系数检验结论一致,均显示回归效果具有统计学意义,且各因子的系数均有意义,为其流道参数化设计、结构优化以及在农业工程中的研发与应用提供了理论依据.     

蜗壳断面形状及叶轮位置对蜗壳式轴流泵性能的影响

根据速度系数法设计了1种对称的“马蹄形”断面蜗壳和2种非对称的 “圆形”断面蜗壳与相同的轴流泵叶轮组合,并基于标准k-ε模型封闭的雷诺平均方程,应用 ANSYS CFX 14.5 软件,对设计的3个蜗壳式轴流泵内部的三维流动开展数值模拟.当采用“马蹄形”蜗壳时,设计流量点的扬程和效率最低,蜗壳内部压力分布不如非对称的圆形断面蜗壳均匀.选择水力效率相对较高的蜗壳,将4种轴向位置不同的叶轮与该蜗壳组合,并进行三维流动数值模拟,结果表明:叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离40 mm时,轴流泵效率最高,叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离80 mm时,轴流泵效率最低.此时,过流段和蜗壳内有明显回流和旋涡.轴流式叶轮与蜗壳的相对位置对蜗壳轴流泵的扬程-流量曲线和效率-流量曲线都有明显的影响.     

多级离心泵水力性能数值预测涡量分析法

为了研究利用CFD技术预测多级离心泵水力性能的方法,选取某一多级离心泵为研究对象.采用数值模拟方法获得了多级离心泵内部全流场信息.分别选取多级离心泵单级、二级、三级的三维模型进行全流场数值模拟,获得了3种三维模型各水力部件内部的的水力损失,通过对计算结果分析发现,多级离心泵内部各级水力损失大小基本类似,不随级数的不同而改变,这为通过对少级数的数值模拟以预测更多级数的泵性能提供了依据.通过对多级离心泵内部流场各级能量损失进行分析,分析各级能量损失特征及其流动特点,发现各级涡量分布基本一致,损失特性相同,只在最后一级导叶内部的涡结构有一定的区别.采用能量分析结合多级泵内部流场涡动力学分析方法建立了多级离心泵性能数值预测的计算方法,并建立了多级离心泵性能预测基于少级数模型数值分析的计算公式.     

Linking Microbial Community Dynamics Associated with Rhizosphere Carbon Flow in a Biofuel Crop (Jatropha curcas L.)

Photosynthetically derived rhizodeposits are an important source of carbon (C) for microbes in root vicinity and can influence the microbial community dynamics. Pulse labeling of carbon dioxide (¹³CO₂) coupled with stable isotope probing techniques have potential to track recently fixed photosynthate into rhizosphere microbial taxa. Therefore, the present investigation assessed the microbial community change associated with the rhizosphere and bulk soil in Jatropha curcas L. (a biofuel crop) by combining phospholipid fatty acid (¹³C-PLFA) profiling using a stable isotope ¹³CO₂ labeling approach. The labeling (¹³C) took place after 45 days of germination, PLFAs were extracted from both soils (rhizosphere and bulk) after 1 and 20 days pulse labeling and analyzed by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. There was no significant temporal effect on the PLFA profiles in the bulk soil, but significantly increased abundance of Gram positive (i15:0) and Gram negative (16:1ω7c and 16:1ω5c) biomarkers was observed in the rhizosphere soil from day 1 to day 20 after labeling. The Gram negative (16:1ω7c) decreased and fungal (18:2ω6,9c) increased significantly in rhizospheric soil compared to bulk soil after day 1 of labeling. Whereas, after 20 days of labeling, the Gram negative biomarker (16:1ω7c and 18:1ω7c) decreased and Gram positive (a15:0) increased significantly in rhizospheric soil compared to bulk soil. One day following labeling, i15:0, a15:0, i16:0, 16:1ω5c, 16:0, i17:0, a17:0, 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω9c, and 18:0 PLFAs were significantly more enriched in δ¹³C in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Twenty days after labeling, 16:1ω5c (Gram negative) and 18:2ω6,9c (fungal) were significantly more enriched in δ¹³C in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. These results shows the effectives of PLFA coupled using the pulse chase labeling technique to examine the microbial community changes in response to recently fixed photosynthetic C flow in rhizodeposits.     

The nature of soil erosion and possible conservation strategies in Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion is a major land degradation problem in South Africa (SA) that has economic, social and environmental implications due to both on-site and off-site effects. High rates of soil erosion by water are causing rapid sedimentation of water bodies, ultimately leading to water crisis in SA. Lots of financial and human resources are channelled towards controlling of soil erosion but unfortunately with little success. The level of soil erosion in a particular area is governed by the site properties. Therefore, it is inappropriate to generalize data on soil erosion at a large-scale spatial context. The literature on soil erosion in SA classifies Eastern Cape Province as a high-erosion-potential area using data collected at a large-scale spatial context. Collecting soil erosion data at a large spatial scale ignores site-specific properties that could influence soil erosion and has resulted in failure of many traditional soil erosion control measures applied in the province. Moreover, scientific principles underlying the processes and mechanisms of soil erosion in highly erodible soils are missing in SA. This review was to find effective soil erosion control measures by having an insight on what happens during soil erosion and how soil erosion occurs in Ntabelanga. The literature suggested that erosion in Ntabelanga could be influenced by both the erosivity and erodibility factors though the erodibility factors being more influential. Soil permeability contrast between the horizons could be influencing the rate and nature of soil erosion. To mitigate the impact of soil erosion in Ntabelanga, efforts should aim to improve the vertical flow capacity in the B horizon. Clay spreading, clay delving, addition of gypsum, deep ploughing and mulching could aid the water permeability problems of the subsurface horizons. However for effective soil management and control option, detailed studies of specific site properties are needed. The generated information can assist in formulating soil erosion policies and erosion control strategies in the Ntabelanga area and SA at large.