A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

基于Fuzzy-Smith控制器的营养液pH值调控系统研究

pH值的控制是水肥一体化营养液循环控制系统的重要环节,水肥控制过程中pH值在最优控制范围内有利于根系的发育以及多数矿物质的吸收。营养液调控过程中,由于循环管路以及酸液的缓慢扩散,使得pH值调节过程存在很大的时滞,传统PID难以取得良好效果。本研究根据被控对象特点,建立了描述该过程的数学模型,设计开发了一套具有二次混肥特性的以MSP430单片机为主控的营养液pH值控制系统。由于参数自整定模糊PID不需要精确数学模型以及Smith预估可对纯滞后进行补偿的特点,开发的系统将参数自整定模糊PID控制引入Smith预估当中,既缓解了滞后时间对控制系统的影响,又对模型的不精确性进行了补偿。为了验证该算法以及系统的有效性和优越性,分别对PID、Fuzzy-Smith控制算法进行仿真测试,同时在不同灌溉量下进行性能试验。试验结果表明,在不同灌溉量下Fuzzy-Smith控制算法pH值的平均最大超调量为0.83%,营养液pH值从8.0调节为6.0的平均时间为157s,优于常规PID控制的2.55%和189s。     

卵磷脂桶混助剂的特性及其在防治稻飞虱中对氟啶虫胺腈的协同增效作用

为明确新型卵磷脂类桶混助剂“融透”的特性,采用透射电镜和激光粒度分析仪表征了其物理性质,并通过室内生物测定和田间药效试验测定了其在防治稻飞虱中对氟啶虫胺腈的协同增效作用。结果表明,“融透”中含有圆形脂质体,Z平均粒径为129.5 nm。室内生物测定结果表明,“融透”可使氟啶虫胺腈对褐飞虱的毒力增加1.67倍。田间药效试验表明,“融透”可使氟啶虫胺腈对稻飞虱的防效提高9.04%~41.77%;当氟啶虫胺腈减量40%时,添加“融透”的处理对稻飞虱的防效与未添加“融透”的常量组相当。研究结果表明,卵磷脂桶混助剂“融透”可以通过形成脂质体提高药剂的利用率,从而达到增效的作用。     

生物柴油搅拌装置的设计

生物柴油制备器械很多,但制备过程中油料预混合及配套加热器械却很少。为了进一步完善现今这一领域的不足,设计了一种适用于生物柴油的油料搅拌装置。为此,阐述了该装置的主要结构、工作原理和主要技术参数,并以200r/min的转速为标准,运用gambit进行图形绘制和网格划分,采用fluent软件对该机内部流场进行仿真分析,验证了其转速的合理性。基于STC89C51单片机和DS18B20的温度传感技术,设计了一种温度控制装置,可在生物柴油制备过程中使油料更好地进行预混合和加热,从而提高了生物柴油的制备效率和质量,减少了操作时间。     

翻转卸料双轴桨叶饲料混合机工作性能试验研究

该文介绍了作者设计并研制的新型翻转式双轴桨叶混合机,阐述了其工作原理。为了提高双轴桨叶混合机的混合性能,采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验,对设计样机进行混合均匀度及机内残留率的试验研究,得出了其工作参数的合理组合：混合时间为180 s,充满系数为0.75,桨叶轴转速为56 r/min;机内残留量极小(约为0.015%),满足其作为配合饲料生产,尤其是预混合饲料生产的工艺要求,也为进一步改进设计提供了依据。     

原汁比例对复合果蔬汁感官品质的影响

运用Mixture—D—Optimal设计,以糖酸比为响应值,研究了草莓、番茄、胡萝卜和葡萄4种原汁的不同复合配比对其混合成品风味等感官品质的影响。结果表明,最优配方为草莓汁10％、番茄汁10％、胡萝卜汁38％和葡萄汁42％,相应的复合果蔬汁糖酸比为45．04。应用模糊数学法对复合果蔬汁感官评定分析后显示：4种原汁按上述配比生产的复合果蔬汁易为消费者接受。     

电站锅炉沼气点火装置的研究与设计

详细阐述了电站锅炉沼气点火装置的喷嘴,引射器及烧嘴的设计计算与稳定火焰的方法。应用结果表明,该点火装置火焰温度高,适应性强,使用经济,操作方便,在电站锅炉无油,少油点火方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

水泥对工业大麻秆纤维板性能的影响

利用工业大麻秆制备纤维板,分析不同水泥添加量和工业大麻秆不同部位对其制备纤维板性能的影响。结果表明：随着水泥添加量的增加,工业大麻秆纤维板的内结合强度（IB ）、静曲强度（MOR）、弹性模量（MOE ）均降低,而吸水厚度膨胀率（TS ）得到较大改善;大麻秆芯制备的纤维板力学性能优于大麻秆皮部。     

松针纤维素降解菌系筛选及产酶条件研究

为研究松针纤维素降解菌系,通过刚果红纤维素平板鉴别初筛菌株,以CMC、滤纸和微晶纤维素3种酶活性高低进行复筛,从土壤中分离筛选出3株松针纤维素分解能力较强的菌株。将复筛获得的菌株进行组合培养,并与其单独培养时酶活大小进行比较,得到1个酶活最佳组合,其CMC、滤纸和微晶纤维素3种酶活力分别为83.39、35.84和122.54 IU,均比单菌株各酶活力高。对该组合产酶条件研究结果表明,该组合在以硝酸钠为氮源,6.0为起始p H时,加入表面活性剂聚乙二醇400时产酶最佳,CMC、滤纸和微晶纤维素3种酶活力分别达到98.03、50.84和140.06 IU。