The multiple land degradation effects caused by land-use intensification in tropical steeplands: A catchment study from northern Thailand

The strongly incised mountain landscape of northern Thailand has changed dramatically during the last few decades due to increased population pressure, agricultural commercialization, limitation to use old fallows and reforestation of upper catchments. The traditional shifting cultivation with fallow periods of 7 years and longer was gradually replaced by 1 to 4 year fallow periods. As a result, in high population areas the landscape became dominated by fields planted to rainfed upland crops, wetland rice terraces, fallow vegetation, and patches of secondary forest. This new land-use system seems to have triggered new land degradation processes that are easy to observe when travelling through this landscape.     

施肥对全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤养分动态变化的影响

采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷的动态变化情况。结果表明:整个玉米生育时期0～20cm土层各处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷变化趋势与20～40cm土层基本一致。土壤有机质和碱解氮含量随着玉米生育时期的推进而不断降低,且分别在抽雄期和灌浆期达到最低值,成熟期有机质和碱解氮含量又略有回升。全磷含量从苗期到成熟期逐渐降低。全氮和速效磷含量在玉米生长前期不断增加,且分别在抽雄期和拔节期达到最大值,之后随着生育期的推进而不断降低。两个土层的土壤养分含量存在着明显的垂直递减规律。西北干旱半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米种植密度确定为6.75×104株/hm-2时,最佳施肥量为纯N 210kg/hm2、P2O5168kg/hm2。     

人工汇集雨水与青海东部农业发展

介绍雨水汇集系统在干旱半干旱山区有限的水资源条件下的作用 ,并阐述人工汇集雨水的方法和集水农业的特点。指出青海东部利用天然雨水资源 ,是发展农业 ,进行生态建设的根本途径     

黄土高原小流域土壤养分空间特征及其与地形因子的相关性

【目的】分析黄土高原地区小流域内土壤养分含量的空间特征及其与地形因子的相关性,为养分精确管理和土地资源高效利用提供参考依据。【方法】以位于黄土高原的陕西彬县红岩河小流域为例,于2011年结合GPS共采集了121个田间土样,对其土壤养分(有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、有效钾)含量进行测定,并应用地统计学方法对土壤养分含量半方差函数模型及其参数进行了确定,用普通克里格插值(Kriging)绘制了研究区土壤养分空间分布图,统计分析高程、坡度、坡向、坡形等地形因子与土壤养分含量的相关性,并进行了插值结果检验。【结果】陕西彬县红岩河小流域土壤碱解氮的空间变异性很弱,有机质、速效磷和有效钾具有强烈的空间变异性。各养分含量空间分布均呈斑块状,条带性分布趋势不明显。总体上土壤有机质和速效养分含量与高程和坡度呈负相关,与坡向呈正相关,与坡形相关不显著。【结论】随机性变异(人为因素)对碱解氮的空间变异起主导作用,且变程较小,有机质、速效磷和有效钾的空间变异主要由结构性变异(自然因素)引起,且变程较大。高程、坡度及坡向明显影响土壤养分的含量和分布。     

Influence of regional-scale soil heterogeneity and land use on water discharge formation in the “Stettiner Haff” catchment in North-East Germany

Abstract

The influence of regional soil distribution and land use on discharge formation in the “Stettiner Haff” catchment (8,456 km²) was investigated. The model ABIMO was used to calculate mean discharge for a long period (1961 – 1990) in consideration of regional differences in hydrological site conditions and soil heterogeneity. The highest discharge was found on settlement areas (276 mm a^?1), on devastated plots (319 mm a^?1) and on the non-hydromorphic agriculturally used sandy soils (214 mm a^?1). Due to their small size these sub-areas were found to influence regional discharge for a limited extent only. On loam and clay soils only about 100 mm a^?1 of discharge was formed. However, this share proved to be most important for the height of regional discharge because of the high area proportion in the region. Mineral soils of comparable parent material produce lower discharge under hydromorphic conditions than under non-hydromorphic conditions. With increasing clay content of the soils these differences decreased. The agriculturally used areas were found to be most important for the region's water discharge. They accounted for 83% of the discharge, i.e. they originated 119 mm a^?1 on average. At forest sites, the discharge height was about 52 mm a^?1. Sites close to groundwater table (groundwater level <1 m) proved to act as depletive areas.     

黄土高原坡面林地不同集水措施对林木生长的影响

该文研究了不同集流措施对黄土高原坡面生长的林木组织水势、光合色素含量及净光合速率以及对刺槐幼树高、径和树冠生长的影响。结果表明，拍光林地坡面及在拍光坡面喷涂有机硅防止雨水下渗的集水措施对改善林地土壤及林木水分状况、促进林木代谢活动、加速林木的生长是有效的。     

Living in an amphidromous world: Perspectives on the management of fish passage from an island nation

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A bird's‐eye view of reservoirs in the Mississippi Basin tips a need for large‐scale coordination

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