京杭大运河杭州段水质历史分析与污染治理对策

历史上京杭大运河杭州段成为各类污水的受纳场所，运河水体长期达不到功能区的要求。1990～2002年的水质监测表明．运河水体污染属于耗氧型和富营养型有机污染。运河两岸截污纳管和引水冲污工程明显改善了运河水质，多数污染因子从2001年开始达标。治理运河污染的策略，首先是截污纳管以控制污染源，通过采用等标污染负荷法评价污染源，得出主要污染源80个．主要污染物为COD、BOD5和NH3-N，据此提出截污纳管的污染治理措施。     

豫东黄河故道湿地两栖爬行动物资源及保护

经调查,发现豫东黄河故道湿地有两栖动物6种(隶属1目3科3属)、爬行动物9种(隶属2目5科8属)。区系特点以广布东洋界和古北界的种类与主要分布于古北界的种类占优势。近年来,两栖爬行动物的生存环境遭到了一定程度的破坏,所以提出了合理利用和保护两栖爬行动物资源的建议。     

太阳辐射作用下冻结期衬砌渠道温度场分析

【目的】对季节性冻土区衬砌渠道在太阳辐射作用下的温度场进行数值模拟,分析太阳辐射对渠道温度分布的影响。【方法】利用Hottel太阳辐射模型,结合热传导理论和有限元分析方法,考虑渠道自身的遮蔽作用,对太阳辐射作用下的梯形衬砌渠道的温度场进行计算。【结果】提出了梯形渠道太阳辐射的计算方法;衬砌渠道表面太阳辐射的日变化表现为早晚最小、中午最大;渠道阴、阳坡接受到的太阳辐射差异明显,阴坡太阳总辐射约为阳坡的20%;渠道表面温度的日变化趋势与大气温度相同,近似为正弦分布,其温度变幅小于大气温度变幅,变化滞后于太阳辐射约2.5h,阴、阳坡温度最大相差4℃左右,阳坡温度值与日间温度增加速率均大于阴坡。【结论】渠道温度变化与太阳辐射有密切关系,阴、阳坡接受到的太阳辐射量不同是渠道温度存在较大差异的原因,太阳辐射是渠道冻融循环的动力,在渠道冻胀研究中必须考虑太阳辐射的影响。     

Fine structure and differentiation of the alimentary canal in captive-bred Japanese eel Anguilla japonica preleptocephali

ABSTRACT:   The fine structure of the alimentary canal in preleptocephali produced by artificially matured Japanese eel was examined. At 1 day posthatch (dph), the alimentary canal was found only above the dorsal side of the yolk mass, and the epithelium was composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. By 5 dph, the alimentary canal was divided into three segments based on the structure of the epithelial cells: foregut, midgut and hindgut, corresponding to the future esophagus, intestine and rectum, respectively. After 7 dph, the epithelium in the foregut was surrounded by a circular muscle layer, suggesting a role in the transportation of food materials. The epithelial cells of the midgut exhibited well-developed membranous structures, which are deduced to be invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane. Pinocytotic invaginations and vacuoles were observed in the epithelial cells of the hindgut; this observation suggests that this region is involved in the uptake of food. Significant changes in morphological features of the epithelial cells in each segment were observed until 7 dph; however, these were not evident between 7 dph and 13 dph. Consequently, the differentiation of the alimentary canal was completed by 7 dph, and preleptocephalus had developed the ability to absorb food by 7 dph.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE EXTERNAL EAR CANAL AND TYMPANIC MEMBRANE IN DOGS

Ultrasonographic imaging of the canine external ear canal, tympanic membrane, and tympanic bulla was described in five healthy beagle dogs before and after infusion of saline into the ear canal. Saline served as an acoustic window. With this method, the external ear canal, and tympanic bulla were visible in the same imaging plane and the integrity of the tympanic membrane could be evaluated indirectly by confirming an intact tympanic membrane, which appeared at the end of the ear canal as a hyperechoic line with reverberation. Experimentally, perforated tympanic membrane could be evaluated by identifying anechoic saline in the tympanic bulla lumen. The air and fluid-filled tympanic bulla were also visualized. Ultrasonography with saline as an acoustic window appears to be helpful for the evaluation of the external ear canal, tympanic membrane, and tympanic bulla and it may have the potential to be a useful clinical tool in evaluation of integrity of the tympanic membrane.     

果子狸消化管的形态学研究

本文对果子狸消化管的组织结构研究,报道了果子狸的胃、食道和大肠的形态特征。     

PVC管道或砌护渠道输水与开沟灌溉相结合的造林方法及效果

开沟灌溉造林与大田平灌相比，具有总体用水量少，局部给水量多的特点，能够显著地提高灌溉效率，提高造林成活率和林木生长量。同时，利用管道和砌护渠道输水，可防止渗漏，提高水的利用率。     

Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs

Background

Although Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) have been described in many small breed dogs, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this complex have not been documented in a large cohort of American Brussels Griffon (ABG) dogs.

Objectives

To characterize the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and SM in the ABG breed.

Animals

Eighty‐four American Kennel Club registered ABG dogs were recruited.

Methods

Prospective study. Complete histories and neurologic examinations were obtained before MRI. Images were blindly reviewed and calculations were made by using OsiriX. All analyses were performed by Student''s t‐test, Spearman''s correlation, ANOVA, and chi‐square test where appropriate.

Results

Chiari‐like malformation and SM were present in 65% and 52% of dogs, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of dogs had neurologic deficits and 20% had neck pain. Mean central canal (CC) transverse height was 2.5 mm with a mean length of 3.6 cervical vertebrae. Neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a larger syrinx (P = .04, P = .08) and syrinx size increased with age (P = .027). SM was associated with a smaller craniocervical junction (CCJ) height (P = .04) and larger ventricles (P = .0001; P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Syringomyelia and CM are prevalent in American Brussels Griffon dogs. Syrinx size is associated with neurologic deficits, CM, larger ventricles, a smaller craniocervical junction height, neurologic deficits, and cerebellar herniation. Fifty‐two percent of dogs with a SM were clinically normal.     

Seasonal dynamics of fish assemblage in a pond canal

The annual dynamics of fish assemblage in a pond-connecting canal of a South Moravian pond aquaculture facility was studied to reveal potential assemblage effects on pond stocks and vice versa. The species richness of fish assemblage and seasonal dynamics of its development were predominantly dependent upon the fish stock of the interconnected ponds (particularly due to escapees during the period of pond harvesting), which contributed to a considerable increase of commercial fish species occurrence. Using a seasonal parameter, the season proved to have a major impact on fish assemblage dynamics (r = −0.71, P < 0.001). Spring samples were dominated by commercial fishes of aquaculture origin (mainly Cyprinus carpio). Occurrence of several fish species originating from the wild (bleak, Alburnus alburnus, chub, Leuciscus cephalus and roach, Rutilus rutilus) was also reported. The pond canal was found to be an important reservoir site of persistent survival and potential subsequent spreading of some undesirable alien fishes such as topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) and gibel carp (Carrasius auratus). Moreover, more attention should be paid to the potential negative impacts of all fishes of aquaculture origin upon the natural ecosystem and to the adverse effects due to the immigration of wild fish into aquaculture pond farming units.     

Constructed shallow zones along navigation canals: vegetation establishment and change in relation to environmental characteristics

An Erratum has been published for this article in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(2), 2002, 251

• 1. In recent decades shallow zones have been constructed along navigation canals in the Netherlands which form a potential new habitat for aquatic macrophytes and helophytes absent from traditional canals.
• 2. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the aquatic plant vegetation that becomes established and the physical and chemical characteristics of water and sediment, in order to find the determinants of species composition and the changes therein. Data were collected in 1998 and 1999 from 80 plots in bank zones at varying stages of development since construction along two navigation canals.
• 3. Plots 3–5 years old were partly dominated by rooting submerged macrophytes such as Potamogeton pectinatus, Elodea nuttallii and Potamogeton pusillus; locally non‐rooting species occurred such as Ceratophyllum demersum, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza. Older plots contained Phragmites australis, locally mixed with free‐floating species. Hydrological isolation from the eutrophic canals was indicated by the presence of Chara vulgaris.
• 4. Characteristics of both water layer and sediment could explain the variation in vegetation composition. Rooting submerged macrophytes predominantly occurred in sites with a thin (<2 cm) layer of sediment with relatively low concentrations of organic matter; moreover, ammonium concentrations in the water layer and sediment pore water were relatively low. Stands of non‐rooting macrophytes and of Phragmites australis were characterized by a relatively thick sediment layer and high ammonium levels in the pore water. Light limitation in turbid water, associated with navigation and eutrophication, may also play a role.
• 5. Although submerged aquatic macrophytes persist for a relatively short time, shallow zones nevertheless function as a habitat for helophyte communities and contribute to a higher aquatic biodiversity than is associated with traditional banks along navigation canals.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.