快速检测木材微纤丝角的近红外光谱分析技术

介绍了一种新的测量木材微纤丝角的无损检测技术--近红外光谱分析,并详细阐述了测量时木材样品的选择及制备,测量工作包括X射线衍射和近红外光谱采集、多变量数据分析与模型建立的方法及步骤.证明了近红外光谱分析技术可以用于快速准确地预测木材的微纤丝角.     

Surface energy of preservative-treated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) by contact angle measurement

In this study, the contact angles of four different reference liquids (including distilled water, diiodomethane, formadide and glycerol) formed on the surfaces of wood, treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and two other emerging copper-based water-borne systems (commercial names: NW and NS) were measured with sessile drop method. Based on the contact angle data, the surface energy was obtained from the acid-base approach. The total surface energy consisted of Lifshiz-van der Waals parameter and acid-base parameter. Results showed that the NW and CCA treatments made the wood surface more hydrophobic while the NS treatment had the reverse effect on the wood surface mainly owing to the increased penetration of earlywood. By using three liquids, diiodomethane, formamide and distilled water, the total surface energy obtained for untreated earlywood, untreated latewood, CCA-treated earlywood, CCA-treated latewood, NW-treated earlywood, NW-treated latewood, NS-treated earlywood and NS-treated latewood were 43.1, 44.5, 43.4, 45.1, 49.4, 40.6, 46.0 and 40.9 mJ/m², respectively. The surface energy of CCA-treated wood was almost the same as untreated wood. After NW and NS treatments, the surface energy of both earlywood and latewood changed a little. However, the change was not so obvious as to draw any further conclusion concerning the influence of NW and NS treatments on the surface energy of wood. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(4): 1–4 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Tensile strength of softwood butt end joints. Part 1: Effect of grain angle on adhesive bond strength

To study the effect of grain angle on the adhesive bond strength in wood, three-part Norway spruce wood specimens were bonded and tested in tension. The two axially orientated outer parts of the specimens were joined with the middle part by means of three adhesives typically used for load-bearing constructions, i.e. one-component polyurethane (PUR), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF). The grain angle of the middle part was varied from 0° (end grain to end grain) to 90° (flat grain to end grain) in incremental steps of 10°. In general, PRF- and MUF-bonded samples exhibited highest tensile strength at end grain to end grain orientation of the three parts, while specimens bonded with PUR showed only 25% of the strength measured for PRF and MUF, respectively. At high grain angles (90°) all specimens showed similar strength values in the range of 30% of maximum strength of MUF- and PRF-bonded specimens. To explain the changing strength levels at different grain angle a composite failure criterion was applied.     

Crystallinity of wood and the size of cellulose crystallites in Norway spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>)

X-ray diffraction was used to study variations in the crystallinity of wood and the average thickness and length of the crystallites of cellulose as a function of the number of the year ring in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. The crystallinity increased from ring 4 to ring 10 from the pith and was constant after ring 10. The crystallinity of mature wood was about 30% ± 5%. The average thickness and average length of the crystallites were 3.2 ± 0.1nm and 28 ± 2nm, respectively; and no systematic variation of these values with the number of the year ring was observed. The mean microfibril angle decreased near the pith but was constant in the mature wood.     

晋西北旱坡地枣树蒸腾作用与萎蔫现象研究

以木枣为试材进行枣树蒸腾作用与萎蔫现象研究 ,结果表明 :晋西北黄土丘陵旱坡地枣树叶片在正常年份内的蒸腾速率为 0 .93 μg/ (s· cm2 ) ;枣树的蒸腾系数为3 81 .66,即枣树叶片每制造 1 g干物质需要消耗水分 3 81 .66g。枣树的萎蔫现象是指果实的萎蔫和叶片的萎蔫 ,枣树幼树叶片的永久萎蔫系数为 3 .5%,而枣树大树叶片的永久萎蔫系数应低于 3 .3 6%。果实萎蔫分为暂时萎蔫和永久萎蔫。果实萎蔫时期一般是在气温最高的 7月— 8月份 ,特殊年份可持续至 9月上旬 ,枣果实开始萎蔫时的土壤水分含量在 6%左右。     

长白落叶松人工林树冠形状的模拟

以长白山地区 2 6a生长白落叶松人工林为研究对象 ,采用枝解析的方法 ,测定了 2 5株林木 (直径 10 5～2 4 9cm)的树冠变量 ,并建立了预测树冠外侧形状的冠形模型。基于枝条着枝深度 (DINC)和林木变量所建立的树冠形状模型包括 :基径、枝长、着枝角度和弦长等预估模型。对于大小相同树木的主要枝条来讲 ,这些树冠变量是随着DINC的增加而增大 ;而林木的胸径 (DBH)和树高 (HT)变量很好地反映了不同大小树木的冠形变化。冠形预测模型预测效果良好 ,充分体现了树冠结构的变化趋势 :树冠形状在树冠的中上部呈抛物线体 ,而在树冠的下部则为近圆柱体。文中所建模型 ,可以合理地描述长白落叶松人工林的树冠形状及其变化规律。     

日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

杨树微纤丝角的变异及其与木材性质的相关关系

微纤丝角为细胞次生壁S2层微纤丝排列方向与细胞主轴所形成的夹角,与木材的物理性质、力学性质和化学性质都有着直接的关系。应用x射线衍射法测定了7个杨树无性系(14株样木)胸径处各年轮的微纤丝角,并对应分析和测定了各年轮的木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度和纤维素含量。研究结果表明,杨树微纤丝角在年轮间存在显著差异,其径向变异规律为从髓心向外以微纤丝角逐渐降低,年轮间的平均微纤丝角在7.8旱?8褐洌荒静幕久芏取⑾宋ざ取⑾宋矶群拖宋睾吭谀曷旨湟泊嬖谙灾钜臁O喙胤治霰砻鳎⑾怂拷怯肽静幕久芏取⑾宋ざ取⑾宋矶群拖宋睾看嬖谙灾母合喙毓叵??0.01),相关系数分别为-0.450、-0.586、-0.516和-0.660。回归分析结果表明,多项式方程可较好地描述杨树微纤丝角与所测定的木材性质的关系,相关系数均在-0.45以上(n=125)。本文的研究结果认为,在今后针对杨树材性改良的育种计划中,微纤丝角是一个重要的选育和改良指标。图3表3参34。     

6种公路常绿植物叶面特性对滞尘效果的影响研究

通过选择6种具有代表性的道路常绿植物,应用接触角测定仪测定了不同树种叶片的接触角,通过扫描电镜观察比较了6种常绿植物的叶表面形态结构,分析其对滞尘能力的影响。试验结果表明常绿植物叶片正面接触角越大,滞尘能力越小;表面叶孔越多,粗糙度越大,滞尘能力越强。研究成果可为城市绿化树种的选择提供基础依据。     

冀北山地杨桦次生林林分空间结构研究

在木兰林管局桃山林场选取面积为100 m×100 m的杨桦次生林样地,以每株林木树高、胸径和坐标为基础数据,运用混交度、大小比数和角尺度等林分空间结构参数分析了杨桦次生林的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)该林分中山杨Populus davidiana和白桦Betula platyphylla在株数和断面积比例上占优势,为林分内优势树种;(2)林分各混交类型的比例相差不大,林分整体呈中度混交状态;(3)林分优势木和亚优势木相对较多,基于胸径、树高得到的平均大小比数结果基本一致,均能客观反映林分的分化规律;(4)林分平均角尺度为0.504,属于随机分布,林下伴生树种以集聚分布为主,但优势树种的随机分布趋势起决定作用。