重庆蚕豆产业可持续发展的思考

分析了当前市场经济发展形势下重庆市蚕豆产业可持续发展的理论依据,并联系实际,提出了可以推进重庆蚕豆产业化进程的策略,对于发展重庆特色效益农业具有指导作用.     

论蚕豆在南通产业结构调整中的作用

通过蚕豆在南通市产业结构调整中的作用分析 ,论述了蚕豆作为食、菜、饲、肥兼用作物 ,可起三方面作用 :1 .协调用养地关系 ,实现农业可持续发展 ;2 .利用间套作技术 ,开发多种增效种植模式 ;3.开展以菜、蔬为目的的食品加工、保鲜产业 ,利用蚕豆含高胡萝卜素、核黄素、维生素等 ,还富含硒、钙等 ,可作为保健食品等产业开发利用     

植物生长调节剂三十烷醇对绿豆发芽生长的影响

三十烷醇是一种广谱性的植物生长促进剂,其促进生长效果稳定,无污染,无毒害。本文研究了不同浓度三十烷醇溶液对绿豆生长的影响,结果表明：低浓度三十烷醇溶液对绿豆生长起促进作用。     

Phoma leaf spot of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) caused by Leptosphaeria biglobosa

A leaf spot disease on wasabi plants grown in commercial greenhouses in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia was characterized. Mycelial growth and pycnidial formation were observed within lesions when leaves were incubated under conditions of high humidity. Isolation from diseased tissues consistently yielded colonies of a Phoma species. Sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) region of eight isolates showed 100% nucleotide sequence identity with Phoma wasabiae and Leptosphaeria biglobosa subspecies ‘occiaustralensis’ and 99.2% identity with L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’. Pathogenicity studies on wasabi leaves showed that wounding greatly facilitated infection and enhanced lesion development for most isolates but was not required for all isolates. Chlorotic areas appeared around the inoculation sites within 4 days, followed by necrosis. Isolates displayed a range of virulence, from weakly to highly virulent, on wasabi leaves. Similar results were observed on leaves of canola cultivar Westar, i.e. wounding significantly increased lesion size and isolates displayed a range of virulence. An isolate of Leptosphaeria maculans ‘brassicae’ from canola was highly virulent on wasabi and canola leaves, causing lesions similar to those of L. biglobosa ‘occiaustralensis’ while an isolate of L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’ from canola was weakly virulent on both hosts and required wounds to infect. These results demonstrate that isolates of L. biglobosa ‘occiaustralensis’ from wasabi are as virulent as L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’ on wasabi and canola leaves but in some cases were comparable in virulence to L. maculans ‘brassicae’.     

Stability of co‐composted hydrochar and biochar under field conditions in a temperate soil

Hydrothermally converted biomass (hydrochar) is evaluated as a carbon‐rich soil amendment in addition to pyrogenic biochar. After assessing the suitability of hydrochar for use in agriculture, its environmental safety and comparing its chemistry with that of biochar, we describe a field trial established at Halle (Germany) under natural conditions for a temperate climate and without further external management practices. The main objective of our study was to analyse the stability and hence the C sequestration potential of composted chars over a period of 2 years. Four treatments (no amendment control, compost, co‐composted hydrochar and co‐composted biochar) in fourfold field replication were chosen to make a direct comparison of biochar and hydrochar under field conditions. The total organic carbon and total N increased in all treatments in comparison with the control but only in biochar‐amended treatments were N concentrations more stable. Composted biochar showed significantly more black carbon content in topsoil, sampled some months after application, compared with all other treatments. We show that hydrochar is less suitable for long‐term C sequestration in comparison with biochar but has potential for soil amelioration because it delivers essential nutrients. On the other hand, biochar is richer in polyaromatic C than hydrochar and therefore is more stable in the long term. We assessed biochar stability using the black carbon analysis of the different soil samples.     

蓖麻碱粗提物对石榴棉蚜的生物活性研究

用水提法从蓖麻籽壳中提取蓖麻碱粗提物,采用浸渍法对石榴棉蚜进行杀虫试验。结果表明:100、50 mg/ml的蓖麻碱粗提液具有一定的杀虫效果,12.5、6.25 mg/ml的蓖麻碱粗提液杀虫效果不明显。蓖麻碱粗提液48 h的毒力回归方程为y=0.952 9 x+3.174 6,LC50=82.34 mg/ml,r=0.991 6**;72 h的回归方程为y=1.65 x+2.907 6,LC50=62.52 mg/ml,r=0.947 3*。     

东北黑土区农业干旱脆弱性及其应对策略研究——以黑龙江省为例

为揭示东北黑土区农业干旱脆弱性的时空演化过程与特征,本研究以黑龙江省为例,从暴露水平、敏感程度和适应能力的视角,构建了农业干旱脆弱性评价模型,解析了2000—2020年黑龙江省水稻、玉米、大豆的干旱脆弱性的时空演进过程与特征。结果显示：2000—2011年农业干旱事件频发,其中有8个敏感事件和11个韧性事件,2011年以后再无农业干旱事件发生,2011—2020年水稻、玉米和大豆的干旱脆弱性较2000—2010年分别下降了46.14%、51.50%和38.53%;受作物生育需水量与地区降水不匹配的影响,大豆、水稻的干旱脆弱性相对较高。研究表明,黑龙江省农业干旱脆弱性总体呈先增强后减弱的演进趋势,呈北高南低和东西高、中部低的空间分布格局。基于该结果,本研究提出了旨在提升东北黑土区农业适应气候变化韧性的政策及措施建议。     

Specificity of polycllonal and monoclonal antibodies for the identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (PCAs and MCAs), produced to whole cells and flagellar extracts ofXanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (Xcc), respectively, were tested for specificity. In immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) the three PCAs tested, reacted at low dilutions with all Xcc strains, some other xanthomonads and non-xanthomonads. At higher dilutions most cross-reactivity with non-xanthomonad strains disappeared. However, the cross-reactivity with strains ofX. c. pv.vesicatoria (Xcv),X. c. pv.amoraciae (Xca) andX. c. pv.phaseoli var. fuscans (Xcpf) remained.Six MCA-producing cell clones viz. 20H6, 2F4, 18G12, 10C5, 17C12 and 16B5 were selected for specificity tests with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), IF and a dot-blot immunoassay (DBI). None of the MCAs reacted with all Xcc strains in IF and EIA. In DBI, only MCAs 17C12 and 16B5 reacted with all Xcc strains. All six MCAs tested, cross-reacted in one of either tests with other pathovars ofX. campestris, such as Xcv or Xca. The MCAs were also tested in immunoblotting experiments using total bacterial extracts, cell envelope and flagellar extracts. MCAs 20H6, 2F4, 18G12 and 10C5 reacted with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Xcc. MCAs 16B5 and 17C12 reacted with a 39 kilodalton and a 29 kilodalton protein, respectively.It is concluded that the PCAs and MCAs discussed in this study may be used for routine identification and differentiation of (a group of) Xcc strains. The significance of the cross-reactions with other pathovars ofX. campestris needs to be determined by testing seed lots.     

土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响

土壤结皮对坡面产流形成和侵蚀过程有重要的影响。基于室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:土壤结皮促使坡面产流提前发生,但对坡面产流量的影响不甚明显;对坡面侵蚀产沙量却有明显的作用。试验条件下,5°坡面有土壤结皮处理的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理减少了54%。有土壤结皮处理的10°坡面,在降雨过程中结皮尚未破坏前,其坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理的对照减少了40%;一旦土壤结皮被破坏,之后的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理的对照增加了46%;在整个降雨过程中,10°有土壤结皮处理的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理增加了16%。表明土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响与地面坡度有密切关系。     

Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion is a major socioeconomic and environmental problem in Turkey. Almost 86% of the land in Turkey has suffered various degrees of soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in tree species affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in degraded soils. Results from this study showed that organic C (C_org) was highest in the black locust soil at 0–20 cm depth and lowest in the bare land. Microbial biomass C (C_mic) increased in the order black locust > Scotch pine > bare land at two soil depths. One-way ANOVA demonstrated that afforested soils contain significantly higher microbial biomass C than those in the bare land soils. Microbial quotient (C_mic/C_org) of soils are positively influenced by afforestation as the bare land soils exhibited lower microbial quotient than the associated Scotch pine and black locust soils. Microbial communities in black locust soils were energetically more efficient—had a lower metabolic quotient (qCO₂)—with a higher C_mic/C_org compared to those in Scotch pine soils. However, the microbial quotient in our study was still below range and cannot reach equilibrium again 15 yr after afforestation. Restoration of degraded lands could be a long-term process from microbial activity in the observed regions.