Ecosystem‐based fisheries management: A perspective on the critique and development of the concept

The concept of ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) has been subjected to debate since it was introduced in the late 1990s. The development of the concept seems to follow two separate but simultaneous trajectories of increased popularity but also sustained critique. This paper offers an analysis of potential mechanisms behind these disparate trajectories by drawing on a theoretical framework from science and technology studies (STS) centred around "black box" and actor‐network theory. To support our analysis, we perform an exploratory literature review of how the EBFM concept has been used in a selection of high impact fisheries research papers. We find that the popularity of EBFM does not guarantee its integrity, usefulness or analytical insight, but also that persistent critique of how the concept is used seems to be driving some change. We think that a continued trajectory of increased understanding, contextualization and discernibility of EBFM can help overcome the considerable ambiguity associated with the concept and make it increasingly useful to fisheries management. This means moving away from routine use of the term towards a practicable and tangible approach to improve fisheries sustainability.     

饵料蛋白能量比对黑鲷幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

取黑鲷(Sparusmacrocephalus)幼鱼960尾,体重(3.39±0.18)g,以鱼粉和豆粕作为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油等比例混合油作为脂肪源,共配制4个蛋白水平(34%、38%、42%、46%),每一蛋白水平设3个脂肪水平(10%、13%、16%),共12种饵料,糖水平保持在16%左右,饵料的蛋白能量比(P/E)在96.76～136.21mg/kcal。黑鲷幼鱼随机分成12组,每组设2重复,实验为期42d。结果表明,对特定生长率(SGR)与饵料系数(FCR)的影响,以较高蛋白组(38%、42%、46%)显著优于低蛋白组(34%)(P<0.05),中、高脂肪组(13%、16%)显著优于低脂肪组(10%)(P<0.05);各组饵料对成活率的影响无显著差异(P>0.05)。当蛋白水平为42%,脂肪水平为16%时,黑鲷幼鱼获得最大特定生长率(3.20)、最高蛋白质效率(2.10)和最小饵料系数(1.14)。全鱼脂肪含量随着饵料中脂肪水平的提高而逐渐升高。在同一饵料蛋白水平内,全鱼蛋白与灰分含量随着饵料脂肪水平的提高呈逐渐升高趋势。经统计分析,饵料中不同蛋白能量比显著影响黑鲷幼鱼生长(P<0.05),饵料中脂肪有明显节约蛋白质的作用(P<0.05)。由生长及体成分的实验结果得出,黑鲷幼鱼的最适饵料蛋白水平为42%,最适蛋白能量比(P/E)为110.37mg/kcal。     

Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.     

超高效液相色谱串联飞行时间质谱法检测黑水虻产品中黄曲霉毒素B1

本研究建立了黑水虻产品中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱测定方法,对黑水虻幼虫粉中AFB1的提取、超高效液相色谱串联质谱检测条件进行了优化。使用甲醇-水溶液(8:2,体积比),添加7%氯化钠对黑水虻幼虫粉中AFB1进行提取,免疫亲和柱净化,甲醇-乙酸铵(10 mmol/L)水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源(ESI)正离子模式检测,7.0 min出峰。结果表明:AFB1在1~20μg/kg浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999,幼虫粉回收率为83.1%~118.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6%~10%;虫粪回收率为76.6%~114.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0~3%;检出限(LOD,S/N≥3)为0.01μg/kg,定量限(LOQ,S/N≥10)为0.05μg/kg。该方法操作简单、结果准确,可以用于黑水虻幼虫粉和虫粪产品中AFB1的检测。     

嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力及其药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力,并进行其对梨黑斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明：嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50为0.126 8 μg/mL ;40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂250～500 mg/L对梨黑斑病的防效为66%～82%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对梨树安全。     

生物炭对黑土区土壤水分扩散与溶质弥散持续效应研究

为探究施用生物炭对黑土区坡耕地土壤水分扩散和溶质弥散的持续效应,于2016—2019年在1.5°、3°、5°的径流小区开展了生物炭持续效应试验,分析了单次施加生物炭对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、Boltzmann变换参数ξ、非饱和土壤水分扩散率D(θ)、非饱和土壤水动力弥散系数Dsh(θ)的持续作用。结果表明：土壤中单次添加生物炭后的4年内均可显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、增加土壤中有机质含量,且各指标变化率均随坡度增大、施炭年限延长而减小;坡度、年份、是否施用生物炭3个因素中,对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量影响程度最大的均为是否施用生物炭;施用生物炭增大了ξ,且ξ随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长逐年减小。2016—2019年D(θ)与Dsh(θ)均随土壤含水率的增加而迅速增加。当土壤含水率小于等于042cm3/cm3时,生物炭抑制土壤水分扩散;当土壤含水率大于0.42cm3/cm3时,生物炭促进土壤水分扩散。当土壤含水率小于等于0.36cm3/cm3时,生物炭抑制土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散;当土壤含水率大于0.36cm3/cm3时,生物炭可以促进土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散。试验区θ处于0.20~0.35cm3/cm3,故施用生物炭对水分扩散、NaCl溶液弥散均具有抑制效果,且生物炭对水分扩散和溶液弥散抑制效果均随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长而减弱。     

鸡粪对芸豆土壤有机碳氧化稳定性与碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨鸡粪与化肥不同比例配施对芸豆/玉米轮作土壤有机碳氧化稳定性及碳库管理指数的影响,通过2009—2014年大田试验,研究了N100(尿素提供100%的氮)、M10N90(鸡粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、M30N70(鸡粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等不同施肥处理对芸豆/玉米轮作土壤有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)含量及有机碳氧化稳定性与碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响。结果表明,M_(10)N_(90)、M30N70和M50N50处理的TOC含量分别比N100处理提高5.21%、12.74%和19.87%;M_(30)N_(70)处理的MBC、ROC含量和CPMI均最高,并显著高于其他处理,其中ROC含量分别较N100、M10N90和M50N50处理提高54.03%、16.50%和10.43%,CPMI分别提高75.10、30.75和27.94;但M30N70处理的有机碳氧化稳定系数显著低于其他处理,并较N100处理下降35.95%。此外,该处理能显著提高芸豆产量,明显改善品质,且影响效果明显优于其他处理。相关性分析表明,芸豆产量、维生素C含量与MBC、ROC、有机碳氧化稳定系数和CPMI之间有极显著或显著的相关性,各指标间具有紧密的内在联系。综合分析认为,在芸豆/玉米轮作种植中配施鸡粪措施有利于提高土壤质量,增强土壤供肥性能,并促进芸豆的高产优质生长,其中鸡粪氮与尿素氮以3∶7比例搭配的作用效果最佳。     

黄光萎凋对红茶品质的影响

在萎凋过程利用黄光照射茶叶,分析黄光处理对红茶品质的影响。结果表明,黄光照射处理对红茶的外形和汤色品质影响较小,香气和滋味品质显著提高,香气的甜度以及滋味的鲜爽度和甜度显著提高。理化分析结果表明,除多酚和可溶性糖外,黄光处理对红茶的儿茶素、茶黄素、氨基酸和香气成分的影响较显著。红茶经过黄光处理后,其儿茶素总量提高21.6%、茶黄素含量提高17.6%、氨基酸含量提高6.8%,香气总量增加21.7%,而醛酮类和烷烯烃类变化较小。     

投喂蚕豆和普通配合饲料草鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析及营养评价

对投喂蚕豆和普通配合饲料的2组草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）肌肉中的胶原蛋白、钙离子（Ca2＋）、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了比较分析,并对其营养价值与食用价值进行了评价。结果显示,投喂蚕豆草鱼肌肉中胶原蛋白和Ca2＋的质量分数分别为（0．149±0．011）％和（0．036±0．011）％,比投喂普通配合饲料的草鱼分别提高了36．7％和154％。投喂蚕豆草鱼肌肉中氨基酸总量为（16．802±1．823）％,投喂普通配合饲料草鱼氨旗酸总量为（18．444±0．850）％;投喂蚕豆草鱼肌肉中4种鲜味氨基酸[天冬氨酸（Asp）、谷氮酸（Glu）、甘氯酸（Gyl）和丙氨酸（Ala）]总质量分数为（6．613±0．771）％,低于投喂普通配合饲料草鱼。投喂蚕豆荦：鱼和投喂普通配合饲料草鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）总量分别占脂肪酸总量的73．857％和76．334％,其中单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）分别占脂肪总量的（55．598±2．403）％和（33．832±2．755）％。结果表明,投喂蚕豆荦：鱼叽肉中胶原蛋白和Ca2＋含量比投喂普通配合饲料的草鱼有显著提高,但其鲜味程度、氨基酸以及小饱和脂肪酸含鞋比投喂普通配合饲料草鱼低。     

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by soybean protein concentrate on growth performance and phosphorus discharging of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The 8‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (10.70 ± 0.04 g). Diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SPC at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 or 40% (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively). Diets except T1 were supplemented with phytase at 2000 phytase activity U kg^?1. The results showed that survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization were not significantly affected by increasing dietary SPC. Fish fed diet T3 had higher feed intake compared to those fed T1, T2 and T5 diets. Whole body compositions of black sea bream were significantly influenced by SPC replacing FM except for protein, ash and phosphorus content. Condition factor of fish was significantly lower in T2 than that of fish in T3 group. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter was higher in fish fed T6 diet than those of fish fed T1 and T2 diets, ADCs of phosphorus increased with dietary SPC level up to T3 and then decreased. The results obtained in this study indicate that FM protein could be effectively replaced by SPC protein with phytase in diet of black sea bream.