策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地面不同方向的输沙特征

利用策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿输沙资料及风速风向资料,分析这一区域近地面输沙的方向分布特征。结果表明：① 风沙前沿起沙风风向以W、WNW为主,风向变化比较单一;② 观测点输沙量集中于NW、WNW、W、SW、WSW 5个方位,合计占总输沙量的68.3%;0～40 cm高度年输沙量为96.0 kg,年合成输沙量为45.9 kg,合成输沙方向为102.5°;③ 观测点年输沙势为43.2 VU,年合成输沙势为31.04 VU,输沙势的方向分布与实测输沙量存在较大差异。     

毛乌素沙地不同水分梯度根系垂直分布与土壤水分关系的研究

通过对毛乌素沙地不同水分梯度根系垂直分布的研究表明:不同水分梯度根系分布随土壤深度的增加呈指数形式下降,不同梯度由于土壤水分、植被根系类型的差异,不同水分梯度植被根系的空间分布也有差异,不同梯度根量随土壤垂直深度的模拟方程分别为:y=9.5736e-0.1341x,R2=0.8859(I);y=16.246e-0.2037x,R2=0.9301(II);y=32.001e-0.1904x,R2=0.9544(III);y=28.336e-0.1993x,R2=0.9484(IV)。不同水分梯度土壤含水率变化程度不同,同一水分梯度各层土壤含水率变化幅度亦有差异,0.1m土壤含水率变异系数最大,随着土壤深度增加变异系数减小,根据土壤含水率变异系数分析我们将各层土壤水分垂直变化划分为活跃层(0-0.1m)、次活跃层(0.2-0.6m)、相对稳定层(1m)(I、II、III);而对IV梯度划为活跃层(0-0.1m、1m)、相对稳定层(0.3m)。根系生物量垂直分布与其对应土壤含水率有明显相反的关系,土壤含水率的变化与根系生物量的变化趋于相反,当土壤含水率增大时相应区域根系生物量减小;反之则增加。随水分梯度的增加各梯度最高水分利用层逐渐向表层发展,从第I梯度0.4m的6.84到第IV梯度0.1m的14.33。     

和田河流域沙和基岩的角闪石成分及石英~(18)O值

本文运用电子探针和氧同位素测试等手段,分析了和田河流域沙物质及某些有关基岩所含角闪石的种类、普通角闪石的化学成分和石英的δ~(18)O值。沙物质和岩浆岩(钾长花岗岩)在所含角闪石种类以及普通角闪石化学成分上的差异性明显大于相似性,说明后者为前者提供的角闪石有限。另外,沙丘沙含有多种变质成因的角闪石。产生这种现象的合理解释是:变质岩风化产物是沙的重要物源。沙物质中石英δ~(18)O值介于变质石英氧同位素成分范围,并且粒度愈细的石英,δ~(18)O值愈高。根据基岩中云母片岩所含石英颗粒最细、δ~(18)O值最高的特点判断,细沙物质在风扬过程中混入了较多的高δ~(18)O值细粒变质石英。     

Reinvestigation of the scaling law of the windblown sand launch velocity with a wind tunnel experiment

Windblown sand transport is a leading factor in the geophysical evolution of arid and semi-arid regions. The evolution speed is usually indicated by the sand transport rate that is a function of launch velocity of sand particle, whichhasbeen investigated by the experimental measurement and numerical simulation. However, the obtained results in literatures are inconsistent. Some researchers have discovered a relation between average launch velocity and wind shear velocity, while some other researchers have suggested that average launch velocity is independent of wind shear velocity. The inconsistence of launch velocity leads to a controversy in the scaling law of the sand transport rate in the windblown case. On the contrary, in subaqueous case, the scaling law of the sand transport rate has been widely accepted as a cubic function of fluid shear velocity. In order to explain the debates surrounding the windblown case and the difference between windblown and subaquatic cases, this study reinvestigates the scaling law of the vertical launch velocity of windblown transported sand particles by using a dimensional analysis in consideration of the compatibility of the characteristic time of sand particle motion and that of air flow. Then a wind tunnel experiment is conducted to confirm the revisited scaling law, where the sand particle motion pictures are recorded by a high-speed camera and then the launch velocity is solved by the particle tracking velocimetry. By incorporating the results of dimensional analysis and wind tunnel experiment, it can be concluded that, the ratio of saltonsnumber to reptonsnumberdetermines the scaling law of sand particle launch velocity and that of sand transport rate, and using this ratio is able to explain the discrepancies among the classical models of steady sand transport. Moreover, the resulting scaling law can explain the sand sieving phenomenon: a greater fraction of large grains is observed as the distance to the wind tunnel entrance becomes larger.     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.     

Does sand content in spawning substrate result in early larval emergence? Evidence from a lithophilic cyprinid fish

The spawning success of lithophilic salmonids is strongly influenced by the fine sediment content (“fines”) of spawning substrates, yet knowledge on the impacts of fines on the spawning of non‐salmonid lithophiles remains limited, despite their ecological and socio‐economic importance in European rivers. Consequently, the aim here was to use an ex‐situ experiment to investigate the impact of sand content on egg survival and timing of larval emergence of the surface‐spawning cyprinid European barbel Barbus barbus. Thirty incubator boxes within a recirculating system were filled with one of five experimental sediment mixtures (0%–40% sand by mass) that each contained 300 fertilised eggs at a depth of 50 mm. Emerged, free‐swimming larvae were captured and counted daily to assess grain‐size effects on larval survival and emergence. Specifically, total proportion of emerged larvae, cumulative daily proportion of emerged larvae and time required to reach 50% emergence were measured during the study. Whilst the proportion of sand in the sediments did not have a significant impact on egg‐to‐emergence survival (mean survival per treatment 75%–79%), it significantly affected the timing of larval emergence to the water column; early emergence was detected in treatments with elevated sand content (on average, 50% emergence after 12–13 days versus 19 days in the control). Similar to findings from salmonid studies, these results suggest high sand content in spawning gravels can influence timing of larval emergence and potentially cyprinid lithophilic fish survival.     

多边形草沙障防风效果研究

为了解正三角形、正方形和正六边形格状草沙障的防风固沙能力,通过测定沙障样地内不同高度风速,针对单个网格面积为1 m2的3种沙障,对沙障的防风效能、风速廓线特征和地表粗糙度进行研究。结果表明,正三角形和正六边形沙障的防风效能显著大于正方形沙障。高度为0.2 m时,正方形沙障的防风效能比三角形和六边形沙障分别低12%和8%,高度为0.3 m时,分别低11%和10%。0.2~0.3 m高度范围内,三角形沙障和六边形沙障的防风效能差异不显著。风速小于6 m/s时,地表粗糙度随风速变化接近线性变化规律。裸露地表 1 m高处,风速为4 m/s时,裸露地表粗糙度为0.166 cm,三角形沙障、正方形沙障和六边形沙障的地表粗糙度分别为11.5、9.3和10.4 cm,分别为裸露地表粗糙度的69.3、56和62.7倍。三角形沙障的地表粗糙度比正方形沙障和六边形沙障的地表粗糙度分别高23.7%和10.5%。铺设三角形沙障的地表粗糙度最大。      

风沙吹蚀与干湿循环作用下风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀机理

针对风蚀区盐湖及盐渍土环境下服役的混凝土,配制满足特殊环境下工程要求的风积沙混凝土.分析风沙吹蚀与干湿循环耦合作用下风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀的损伤过程,借助超景深三维显微镜、X射线衍射物相分析、核磁共振孔隙分析等手段探讨风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀耐久性机理.研究表明风沙吹蚀对混凝土表面产生破坏,干湿循环对混凝土内部造成损伤;风沙吹蚀对混凝土表面造成的“吹蚀坑”可为盐离子入侵混凝土内部提供“通道”;氯盐侵蚀后生成以Friedel盐为代表的腐蚀结晶物,可填充1～4 nm胶凝孔,消耗Ca(OH)2等有效物质,迫使4～10nm小毛细孔增多,随盐蚀损伤程度加剧,10～20 nm中毛细孔和20～100 nm大毛细孔向＞100 nm非毛细孔发展,非毛细孔彼此贯通产生裂纹,致使混凝土加速破坏.该研究可为风积沙混凝土在风蚀区氯盐环境下农业水利工程建设与应用提供依据.     

渭洛河夹槽地带沙荒地整治综合效益评价

[目的]对渭洛河夹槽地带沙荒地整治的综合效益进行评价,为该区沙荒地整治及其综合效益提升提供决策支撑。[方法]以渭洛河夹槽地带为研究区,基于当地沙荒地整治的必要性,沙地整治现状及预期目标,从研究区沙地治理的优势出发,对以生态安全为核心的沙荒地整治模式的开发和应用进行研究,建立基于熵权物元法的沙荒地整治综合效益评价模型,据此获得了符合研究区的综合效益评价指标,并对其进行综合效益评价。[结果]研究区沙地整治的综合效益为优良等级,整治效果达到预期目标。[结论]提出了新形势下沙地整治及开发利用的相关对策和保障措施,从而促进研究区沙地资源的良性利用。     

甘肃临夏地区一次扬沙与强寒潮天气诊断分析

利用基本气象资料和欧洲中心数值预报产品资料,对发生在2006年4月10～11日临夏地区的一次扬沙和强寒潮天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:临夏地区扬沙伴有强寒潮天气发生,在大气环流调整过程中,冷空气活动是造成扬沙和强寒潮灾害的主要动力,高空急流是大风的动量来源,蒙古气旋和冷锋是触发这次扬沙、强寒潮天气的重要天气系统.高、低空冷、暖平流的空间配置使降温更为剧烈.同时,涡度和散度对扬沙和寒潮的落区有很好的指示作用.在受灾区,对流层和近地面层为不稳定层结,从而引起强烈垂直上升运动,导致低层强烈辐合,出现了10～11日的灾害性天气过程.