渗灌和地膜覆盖对冬小麦产量及绿色面积构成的影响

为寻求小麦节水栽培的有效调控技术和相应效果,研究了灌水方式与地膜覆盖的不同结合,对冬小麦产量及其构成、穗茎叶等器官绿色面积的影响。结果表明：渗灌和覆膜均可不同程度提高产量,但两个因素相组合效果更显著;20cm和40cm渗灌覆膜在总耗水量在459mm的控制条件下,分别比对照增产20.34%和20.16%;而在有深层水补给的露天条件下,分别增产11.11%和13.67%。不同处理对穗、茎和叶器官的面积及其比例,也产生显著影响;在不同栽培条件下,开花期非叶光合器官占总绿色面积的比例在61.33%~62.69%之间。     

棉铃虫HaHR3基因的克隆及其植物RNA干扰载体的构建

采用RT-PCR方法克隆了棉铃虫蜕皮调节转录因子HaHR3基因,该基因含有1671 bp的完整开放阅读框。序列分析表明,HaHR3与多种昆虫蜕皮调节转录因子高度同源。利用生物信息学方法对HaHR3的结构特征进行分析发现,HaHR3具有蜕皮调节转录因子超家族的典型特征,包括两个锌指结构和一个DNA结合结构域,不存在信号肽序列和N糖基化位点。选择HaHR3基因的部分片段构建了RNAi中间载体pRNAi1017-HaHR3sa,再将HaHR3正反向序列亚克隆至植物表达载体pCAMBIA2300-35S-OCS,成功构建了由35s启动子调控的HaHR3基因的正反向RNA干扰载体pCAM-RNAi-HaHR3。这一载体的成功构建为下一步通过植物介导的RNA干扰技术防治棉铃虫打下了坚实的基础。     

河套灌区畦田内不同位置土壤入渗特性及影响因素分析

为明确河套灌区畦田田块不同位置土壤的入渗特性,通过野外试验和室内检测对试验区田块不同位置土壤理化性质和入渗过程进行分析,并基于土壤入渗模型对试验区田块不同位置的土壤入渗过程进行拟合,同时探讨影响土壤入渗过程的影响因素.研究结果表明:试验区田块内不同位置土壤理化性质及入渗特性具有一定差异性且不同位置土壤入渗特性与土壤理化...     

初始含水率对斥水黏壤土入渗特性的影响

为了探究初始含水率对斥水土壤入渗过程的影响规律,通过室内二维土箱的滴灌模拟试验,设置6个初始含水率水平(4.78%,7.28%,9.97%,13.64%,16.07%,19.02%),研究了初始含水率对湿润锋运移距离、宽深比、累积入渗量、入渗速率和土壤水分分布的影响,并评价了不同入渗模型的适用性.结果表明:随着初始含水率的提高,湿润锋运移相同深度所需时间呈逐渐减小趋势,两者较好满足幂函数关系,湿润锋宽深比逐渐减小;累积入渗量变化趋势为先减小后增大;入渗速率整体趋势为逐渐减小,其中斥水程度峰值含水率附近的处理出现入渗速率短暂提高的现象;Kostiakov模型能够较好反映斥水黏壤土的入渗规律,且斥水程度越大,模型拟合精度越低;随着斥水程度增加,土壤水分逐渐向湿润体垂向中间区域集中,并出现过度饱和现象.该研究可为斥水土壤的入渗理论奠定一定的基础.     

大田土壤间歇入渗试验方法及其精度提高措施

间歇灌,又称波涌灌,这种新的地面节水灌水技术的出现,使土壤入渗规律的研究分为土壤连续入渗规律和间歇入渗规律两方面的研究。间歇入渗条件下,土壤入渗规律除受连续入渗的影响因素制约外,还受构成其特殊灌水过程的灌水技术参数的影响。影响因素的增加,加之野外土壤条件的时、空变异性,决定了间歇入渗试验工作量大,且具有更大的复杂性。为提高成果精度和工作效率,笔者根据1991年冬季和1992年春季在陕西关中宝鸡峡灌区灌溉试验站进行的141组一维土壤连续和间歇单点入渗试验实践,介绍了用双套环入渗仪进行单点间歇入渗试验的方法,提出了提高土壤间歇入渗试验精度的可行措施,可供参考。     

间接地下滴灌导水装置规格参数模型研究

根据灌水过程中质量守恒原理建立了导水装置规格(直径,高度)参数求解模型,该模型中综合考虑了滴头流量、灌水定额、土壤水力特性参数以及活动水位等因素对导水装置规格的影响。通过室内恒定水头积水入渗试验的设计和研究,定量化了土壤水力特性参数对导水装置规格参数模型的作用,并研究了导水装置内水位深度的动态变化规律。结果表明,当忽略导水装置内积水深度的动态变化对土壤水力特性参数的影响时,与一维垂直入渗规律相似,导水装置内积水入渗累计入渗量与时间的关系可用菲利普公式进行拟合,但在土壤类型一定时,间接地下滴灌的参数渗吸系数S和稳定入渗速率if还与土壤上方的积水面积有关。当滴头流量大于土壤入渗速率时,导水装置内开始产生积水,且积水深度处于不断上升的过程。该模型的建立为间接地下滴灌导水装置规格的选取提供了理论指导。     

区域尺度土壤入渗特征参数的变异性研究

以杨凌地区为例,进行野外双环入渗试验研究,运用2种常用模型(Kostiakov模型和Philip模型)对土壤入渗参数进行模拟。在分析土壤特征参数,寻求适合区域尺度的最优入渗模型同时,对土壤的状态变量进行标定并研究标定系数的空间变异性,研究结果表明:Philip模型可作为区域最优入渗模型,土壤入渗特征参数存在明显的空间变异性,标定系数aA比as对模型参数的标定效果好,且在较大范围内存在一定的趋势性,有较好的预测效果。因此,可根据标定系数随机模拟得到某一具体时刻的土壤入渗量的空间分布,为定量分析土壤水分运动、研究土壤水分入渗的空间分布提供理论基础。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

Transgenic sorghum with suppressed synthesis of kafirin subclasses: Effects on flour and dough rheological characteristics

Arising from work showing that conventionally bred high protein digestibility sorghum types have improved flour and dough functionality, the flour and dough properties of transgenic biofortified sorghum lines with increased protein digestibility and high lysine content (TG-HD) resulting from suppressed synthesis of several kafirin subclasses, especially the cysteine-rich γ-kafirin, were studied. TG-HD sorghums had higher flour water solubility at 30 °C (p < 0.05) and much higher paste viscosity (41% higher) than their null controls (NC). TG-HD doughs were twice as strong as their NC and dynamic rheological analysis indicated that the TG doughs were somewhat more elastic up to 90 °C. CLSM of doughs and pastes indicated that TG-HD had a less compact endosperm protein matrix surround the starch compared to their NC. The improved flour and dough functional properties of the TG-HD sorghums seem to be caused by reduced endosperm compactness resulting from suppression of synthesis of several kafirin subclasses which modifies protein body and protein matrix structure, and to improved protein-starch interaction through hydrogen bonding specifically caused by reduction in the level of the hydrophobic γ-kafirin. The improved flour functionality of these transgenic biofortified sorghums can increase their commercial utility by complementing their improved nutritional quality.     

饱和渗透系数空间变异性对边坡稳定性的影响

研究了降雨雨型、雨强和持时对边坡孔隙水压力分布的影响以及降雨入渗条件下饱和渗透系数的空间变异性对孔隙水压力、含水率、抗剪强度参数、局部安全系数等参数空间分布的影响。研究结果表明,降雨特性对边坡孔隙水压力的影响较大;受渗流主方向影响,降雨条件下饱和渗透系数的水平波动尺度对孔隙水压力及含水率的变异性影响小于竖向波动尺度,降雨致滑坡的临界滑面基本与坡面平行且深度较浅;随着饱和渗透系数水平波动尺度的增加,滑坡深度随之增大,从总体上坡体上部局部安全系数随饱和渗透系数竖向波动尺度的增加而减小。