鲜食玉米果穗收获负压除杂装置参数优化与试验

针对现有鲜食玉米收获机在收获果穗时,果穗中含有茎叶等杂质,影响运输、贮存和后续加工等问题,采用轴流风机负压除杂技术去除果穗中的茎秆和茎叶等杂质,同时在除杂装置内增加动、定刀,切碎杂质,便于后续的打包回收利用,并对风机负压除杂装置进行了性能分析和参数优化。通过对动、定刀进行动力学分析,对动、定刀数和刀间隙进行分析,确定了该装置的风机转速范围为1326~1573r/min,动、定刀间隙20mm,定刀数为3~8。采用二次回归正交组合试验方案,以风机转速、定刀数、喂入量为试验因素,以果穗含杂率和茎秆切碎长度合格率为试验指标进行台架试验,通过分析各因素对指标贡献率,得到影响茎秆切碎长度合格率的主次顺序为喂入量、风机转速、定刀数,影响果穗含杂率的主次顺序为风机转速、喂入量、定刀数。建立了参数优化数学模型,利用Optimization模块优化得出,当风机转速为1524r/min、单排定刀数为4、喂入量为7.6kg/s时,茎秆切碎长度合格率为96.8%,果穗含杂率为0.69%。对优化后的参数组合进行了5组验证试验,得到茎秆切碎长度合格率平均值为96.2%,果穗含杂率平均值为0.71%。相比于传统收获机,该装置使果穗含杂率降低了23.3%,说明该优化参数能够满足鲜食玉米果穗收获和茎叶青贮相关技术要求。     

复合潜流人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果 及其微生物群落结构特征

试验探究了复合潜流人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果及其微生物群落结构特征。结果表明,当水力负荷为0.35 m³·(m²·d）^-1时,系统对TN、NH₄⁺-N、COD和TP去除效率分别为（89.84±7.64）%、（98.67±1.31）%、（61.63±16.01）%和（70.21±8.00）%。湿地中一共发现11个主要菌门、18个主要菌纲和33个主要菌属,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）是其中的优势菌门,它们在各级湿地中表层和底层的相对丰度分别是57.26%、61.37%、91.60%、93.22%、88.78%、88.02%。蓝藻菌纲（Cyanobacteria）、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria) 、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)是其中优势菌纲,约占主要菌纲的70%。共有17个优势菌属,在各级湿地中的分布情况不同,其中芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）相对丰度最高,集中分布于第三级湿地,其次是Leptolyngbya、席藻属（Phormidium）,在第一、二级湿地中广泛分布。复合潜流人工湿地具有良好污水净化效果,系统中有机物和氮素的去除主要依靠微生物作用,磷素的去除主要依靠基质吸附沉淀作用。     

新西兰鹿的福利及实施措施

新西兰鹿业协会为加大鹿及鹿产品在国际市场上的竞争力,积极实施鹿福利制度。文中主要介绍了新西兰在鹿的运输、锯茸及饲养管理等方面所实施的具体福利措施。     

单叶刺槐半同胞子代叶片的滞尘能力及叶表SEM特征分析

以单叶刺槐母本(A1-1)及6个叶形产生明显变异的半同胞子代无性系(A20-5、B24-3、C24-2、B23-1、C24-1、C23-1)新鲜叶片为材料,测定各样本的单位叶面积总颗粒物滞留量、颗粒物粒径分析及叶表微观结构SEM特征,通过相关性分析,筛选与滞尘能力相关的叶形及SEM指标,运用隶属函数法,依据各样本滞尘指...     

昆明地区重大森林火灾火烧迹地可燃物能量分析

对昆明地区重大森林火灾迹地进行外业调查,并对其可燃物进行系统研究.结果表明:火烧迹地的地盘松幼林、光叶石栎和紫茎泽兰的可燃物绝对含水率分别为13％、11％和12％,可燃物载量分别为0.4、0.5和1.1 kg/m2,热值分别为20700、20600和19100 kJ/kg,单位面积热量分别为8280、10300和210...     

人工湿地砷污染去除研究进展

砷在环境中普遍存在,因其高毒性,世界卫生组织将砷污染列为重大公共卫生问题。因此,科学家们在不断寻求科学有效的砷污染去除方法。人工湿地砷污染去除系统自上世纪七十年代推出以来,因其环境友好、成本低廉的特性得到蓬勃发展,快速成为绿色环保修复技术之一。人工湿地被认为是理想的砷富集去除场所,其对砷污染的去除方式主要通过植物和微生物相互作用及腐殖酸强化修复来实现。本文通过砷污染治理历史及技术发展、人工湿地的兴起及砷在湿地生态系统中的赋存状态以及人工湿地生态系统砷污染去除三个方面综述了人工湿地砷污染去除的研究进展。通过大量文献综述分析,我们认为在人工湿地砷污染去除的后续研究工作中,应着重研究砷在湿地生态系统中的扩散迁移及演变规律,构建湿地生态系统沉水-浮水-挺水植物立体结构,并不断探索植物-微生物及腐殖酸强化修复对砷污染的协同阻滞及界面作用。     

株洲市几种常用绿化植物滞尘能力初探

对株洲市16个常用绿化植物滞尘能力进行测定,结果表明:阔叶乔木树种单位面积滞尘量为广玉兰>棕榈>大叶樟>香樟>杜英>栾树>枫香>悬柃木;阔叶灌木树种单位面积滞尘量为春鹃>红花檵木>红叶李>山茶花>珊瑚树>小叶女贞>十大功劳>桂花。     

Settling velocity characterization of aquacultural solids

A top-loading settling column is described and used to characterize the settling properties of the solids in the discharge water from a commercial rainbow trout production facility. Mass-based and phosphorus-based settling curves are presented. The median settling velocity on a mass-basis for the settleable solids was 1.7 cm s⁻¹. The median settling velocity for the settleable phosphorus was 1.15 cm s⁻¹. Manually stripping fecal material from rainbow trout resulted in settleable solids with a median settling velocity of 0.7 cm s⁻¹. Examination of the settling velocity curves show that halving the overflow rate (OFR) from 2 to 1 cm s⁻¹ changes the removal efficiency from 0.61 to 0.73, an increase of about 20%. Halving the OFR again to 0.5 cm s⁻¹ increases the removal efficiency to 0.81, an improvement of about 11%. Settling characteristics of aquacultural solids will vary from facility to facility. The methods described in this paper can be used to perform a similar type of analysis at other aquacultural sites, which may be growing other species under different management regimes.     

Catch per unit effort standardization of the eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fleet

A general linear model (GLM) was used to standardize catch per unit effort (CPUE) data for Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the Bering Sea fleet for the years 1995–1999. Data were stratified temporally by year and season and spatially by area using either Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) or National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) reporting areas. Four factors were used: vessel identification (ID) number, vessel speed, percentage of pollock by weight in the haul (a measure of targeting), and whether most of the haul took place before or after sunset. At least 29 combinations of main effects, quadratic covariates, and interactions were tested for each year/area/season stratum. GLM models explained from 31 to 48% of the total sums of squares. Vessel identification number was included in all models and explained the most variability. Of the remaining factors, the square of the percentage of pollock in the haul was included in most models, following an F-test to determine parsimony. Analysis of the vessel identification number coefficients indicated that larger vessels tended to have higher CPUEs; and that this relationship differed between dedicated catcher vessels and offshore catcher processors. Coefficient estimates and response surfaces generally indicated increased CPUEs with the percentage of pollock in the haul and showed mixed results with vessel speed. The vessel identification number incorporated most vessel characteristics, leaving vessel speed primarily as a fitting variable with less biological meaning. The year/area/season stratification procedure was found to be necessary due to the unbalanced design, which otherwise would have factor levels with no data in a large combined model. In addition, the stratification procedure reduced the variability in CPUE substantially.     

Effects of no‐take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta‐analytical approach

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are often promoted as tools for biodiversity conservation as well as for fisheries management. Despite increasing evidence of their usefulness, questions remain regarding the optimal design of MPAs, in particular concerning their function as fisheries management tools, for which empirical studies are still lacking. Using 28 data sets from seven MPAs in Southern Europe, we developed a meta‐analytical approach to investigate the effects of protection on adjacent fisheries and asking how these effects are influenced by MPA size and age. Southern European MPAs showed clear effects on the surrounding fisheries, on the ‘catch per unit effort’ (CPUE) of target species, but especially on the CPUE of the marketable catch. These effects depended on the time of protection and on the size of the no‐take area. CPUE of both target species and the marketable catch increased gradually by 2–4% per year over a long time period (at least 30 years). The influence of the size of the no‐take area appeared to be more complex. The catch rates of the entire fishery in and around the MPA were higher when the no‐take areas were smaller. Conversely, catch rates of selected fisheries that were expected to benefit most from protection increased when the no‐take area was larger. Our results emphasize the importance of MPA size on its export functions and suggest that an adequate, often extended, time frame be used for the management and the evaluation of effectiveness of MPAs.