A Computer Program for Automatic Watering Based on Potential Evapotranspiration by Penman Method and Predicted Leaf Area in Miniature Pot Rose Production

In this study, we developed a computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point by considering the environmental factors such as solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity based on the multiple linear regression equation of leaf area and Penman Method. The experiments were carried out for a year in two watering experimental plots, one of which was controlled by pF value, and the other by the computer program. After comparing the results of the two plots, the following findings were obtained. In the computer program plot, the observed and predicted values of both leaf area and evapotranspiration indicated significant correlation at the 1% level, which suggested that the computer program had high prediction accuracy. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental plots with respects to the plant height, plant diameter, leaf area, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight, which demonstrated that the plants in the computer program plot had normal growth. On the other hand, although the number of flower buds and flowering shoots showed higher values at the end of certain cultivations in the computer program plot than those in pF value plot, we proposed that it was due to the effect of cumulative daily solar radiation in the greenhouse, rather than the watering. Thus, we have reached the conclusion that the computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point developed by this study has high applicability in miniature pot rose production.     

施氮量对橡胶园土壤铵态氮和硝态氮垂直分布的影响

以尿素为氮源,研究不同施肥量对土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮垂直分布的影响。结果表明：施肥可显著增加0～40cm土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的含量;当施肥量超过0．6kg／株时,增加施肥量不会显著增加0～40cm土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的含量;施肥量越大,淋溶到80～100cm土层土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮的量越大。     

浓缩天然胶乳(氨保存离心或膏化)检测方法标准应用解析

天然胶乳为防止因微生物、酶的作用而凝固、腐败,常加入氨和其他稳定剂来保存,为了便于运输和加工常采用离心和膏化2种方式,将胶乳浓缩至固含量60%以上称为浓缩天然胶乳。现行有效的国家标准GB/T8299-2008《浓缩天然胶乳氨保存离心或膏化胶乳规格》对浓缩天然胶乳这一重要产品进行了技术界定,对该标准的应用解析可以确保加工原材料的科学有效,保证生产加工制品的产品质量及规范胶乳行业行为提供技术支撑。     

木薯淀粉补强天然胶乳的研究

[目的]研究木薯淀粉用于补强天然胶乳的可行性。[方法]将木薯淀粉糊化后加入天然胶乳中,对天然胶乳进行补强,考察淀粉用量及偶联剂KH-551用量对天然胶乳胶体性质及硫化胶膜物理机械性能的影响。[结果]经KH-551处理后的木薯淀粉对天然胶乳有明显的补强作用,天然胶乳硫化胶膜的物理机械性能得到显著提高,同时对天然胶乳的胶体性质影响不大。[结论]采用廉价的木薯淀粉进行天然胶乳的补强,为该工艺的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

幼龄胶园间种土壤肥力及土壤酶活性特征研究

【目的】对幼龄胶园间种香蕉、葛藤对胶园土壤肥力和土壤酶活性的影响进行研究,为科学管理胶园土壤、充分利用林下资源提供依据。【方法】选择2006年7～8月栽植的两个相邻橡胶林段,2008年4月分别在其胶行中间种香蕉、葛藤,同时设无间种作对照。2008年7月～2010年1月分7次采集胶园土壤样品进行土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性分析。【结果】幼龄胶园问种香蕉和葛藤均可提高胶园土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,但以间种香蕉的效应最明显;幼龄胶园问种可提高胶园土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性,其活性大小依次为间种葛藤〉间种香蕉〉无间种;幼龄胶园间种可提高胶园土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶酶活性,其活性大小依次为间种香蕉〉间种葛藤〉无间种。幼龄胶园间种葛藤可提高胶园土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,但间种香蕉则降低这两种酶活性。【结论】幼龄胶园间种可提高土壤肥力,改善胶园微环境。有条件的地区,应大力发展幼龄胶园问种农作物或其他经济作物,以增加胶农非胶收入。     

海南橡胶木红变的化学研究

对橡胶木中的变色成分进行甲醇浸提,浸提液浓缩后用极性从小到大的石油醚、氯仿、乙醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取。经过化学分析认为橡胶木中产生红变的成分存在于极性较大的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水中,变色成分主要是鞣质单宁、酚类及蒽醌类物质。同时进行鞣质单宁引起橡胶木红变的机理试验,结果表明,橡胶木抽提液无论是加酸性还是加碱性溶液都会产生红变,为此采用具有漂白功能的氧化剂和还原剂可以减轻或消除橡胶木抽提液的红变。     

儋州市橡胶园土壤磷素空间变异及分区管理研究

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对面积约720km2的儋州市橡胶园土壤磷素营养进行了空间变异特征与分区管理技术研究。结果表明,儋州市橡胶园各土层全磷含量、速效磷含量分别为中等程度变异和强变异;土壤磷素营养缺乏,各土层全磷含量78.56%以上地区处于极低水平,5.08%以上地区速效磷含量在0~20cm、20~40cm土层为中等含量水平,但有小部分处于较好和极低水平;土壤全磷和速效磷含量的最大相关距离在10.34~69.24 km之间,全磷含量基本趋于大块状变异为主,而速效磷含量空间分布为大块状和小块状交叉分布。采用空间叠加方法,进行了橡胶园土壤磷素管理分区,整个研究区域可分为11个磷素管理区,每个分区内具有不同的土壤磷素营养状况,需采取不同的磷素营养管理措施。     

High colonization by native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of rubber trees in small-holder plantations on low fertility soils in North East Thailand

Rubber tree is a very important crop in Thailand, representing an essential source of income for farmers. In the past two decades, rubber tree plantations have been greatly expanding in unfavorable areas, where climate conditions are difficult and soil fertility is very poor. To optimize latex yields, mineral fertilizers have been widely used. A better understanding of the roles of the biological compartment in soil fertility is essential to determine alternative management practices to sustain soil fertility and optimize latex yields. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely recognized as beneficial for plants, mainly through their role in improving plant nutrient uptake. The objective of this study was to assess the AMF populations in rubber tree plantations and the impact of both soil characteristics and plantation age on these communities. Our results showed that all rubber trees were highly colonized, regardless of the soil structure and nutrient contents. AMF colonization was not affected by the age of the trees, suggesting that maintaining the symbiosis is likely to be beneficial at all stages. A better understanding and management of the microbial communities would contribute to maintaining or restoring soil fertility, leading to a better tree growth and optimized latex yield.     

世界天然橡胶现状

本文就当前世界天然橡胶的产量，主产国产量的预测，消费动向，胶价走势及胶树用途的拓展作些简介。     

预期价格变动对农户生产行为调整的非对称影响——基于西双版纳胶农调查分析

农产品价格变动下农户生产决策的动态调整是一个既关系农户福利又影响产业安全的经济问题。基于理性预期理论,以天然橡胶为研究对象,利用对云南省西双版纳自治州612户橡胶种植户的调查数据,分析天然橡胶价格预期变动下农户的生产调整行为,探讨影响农户价格反应行为的决定因素。结果表明,农户在预期橡胶价格变动幅度越大时选择生产调整行为的可能性越高,并且在预期价格上升时调整生产行为的概率显著大于下降时,橡胶价格下降时,29.58%的农户会采取反应措施,而预期橡胶价格上升时,农户采取反应措施的达53.92%,呈现显著的非对称性反应。受到户主和家庭社会经济特征及橡胶种植园生产条件等因素的影响,农户应对天然橡胶价格变动的生产调整行为存在异质性。研究结果对近年来天然橡胶价格下降背景下的胶农的福利、橡胶的可持续发展以及天然橡胶战略资源安全等相关政策的制定有着重要的现实意义。因此,建议相关部门制定相应政策引导农户合理调整橡胶种植结构,出台必要补贴政策,保障农户收益及其对橡胶种植的积极性,从而实现我国天然橡胶产业的再生产与可持续发展。