燃油植物橡胶树籽的开发利用

橡胶树是中国重要的经济树种,广泛种植于云南和海南等热带区域。橡胶籽是橡胶树的重要副产品,其种仁营养价值高;其中,粗蛋白含量约25%~30%,且必需氨基酸组成较平衡;粗脂肪含量为50%,且橡胶籽油成分近似于亚麻籽油,富含α-亚麻酸,其含量为花生油和葵花油的数十倍。橡胶籽中含有氢氰酸等抗营养因子,但经贮存、加热可钝化绝大部分氰化物。可见,橡胶籽及其加工产品可作为养殖动物饲料原料。前期研究发现：水产饲料中添加一定比例橡胶籽饼对鱼类生长和健康无明显负面影响,但高比例添加会对鱼类消化和健康产生一定负面影响,其可能与橡胶籽饼中高含量粗纤维有关;橡胶籽饼中赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量相对较低,使用时应注意补充赖氨酸和蛋氨酸。橡胶籽油富含α-亚麻酸,是鱼油的优质替代源,可部分甚至完全替代水产饲料中的鱼油。本文综述了橡胶籽产品的营养价值及其在水产饲料中的应用现状,可为橡胶籽的开发利用提供理论基础。     

2008-2015年橡胶蜂蜜产量与气候的相关性分析

为了进一步发掘橡胶林区潜在经济价值,预测下一年橡胶泌蜜规律,试验采用连续8年记录转地到西双版纳傣族自治州采集橡胶蜜的蜂场收获蜂蜜情况,并以气象观测仪记录当时的气象变化的方法。表明进入橡胶场地的蜂群势变化不大[(13.450±0.113)脾,P=0.854],但产量变化显著[(72.613±0.349) kg,P <0.01]。气象观测表明气温8年内波动范围不大,而降雨量波动大,表现为2011年洪涝出现早,2014年干旱持续时间长。产量与日平均气温(相关系数r=0.337)有极显著的正相关性,与日降雨量(相关系数r=-0.269)及日最低气温(相关系数r=-0.483)呈极显著的负相关,与群势表现出轻微的负相关(相关系数r=-0.031)。说明持续的干旱和温暖湿热的气温及合理的群势能够增加橡胶蜜的产量,适宜的气候及大面积橡胶林区蕴含着巨大的养蜂潜力。     

利用BIOLOG系统对不同种类细菌鉴定的研究

为完善细菌鉴定工作,本试验通过利用BIOLOG细菌自动微生物分析系统(简称BIOLOG系统)对13株大肠杆菌、15株巴氏杆菌和7株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了鉴定,并与传统方法[1]包括形态学观察、革兰氏染色、生化实验等的鉴定结果进行了比对.实验结果表明,与传统方法相比BIOLOG系统具有准确、快捷、简便的优点,同时也有一定的局限性,从而为BIOLOG系统的更好使用提供了实验依据.     

干拌法橡胶粉改性沥青混合料高温稳定性的时间敏感性分析

利用干拌法制作橡胶粉改性沥青混合料,将搅拌好的沥青混合热料在搅拌锅中进行闷料处理,温度恒温在165℃,分别闷至0 min、15 min、30 min、45 min、60 min,用每个时间段的沥青混合料制成试验用的试件进行高温稳定性分析,结果表明,在闷料开始阶段,橡胶粉改性沥青混合料的稳定度随闷料时间的增加逐渐提高,当闷料时间为15 min左右时,混合料的稳定性达到最大值,随后,稳定性逐渐下降。     

乙烯利与橡胶树排胶及死皮关系

系统介绍乙烯利刺激增产机理和乙烯利对橡胶树排胶负面效应。     

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in goats

AIMS: To compare two methods of applying rubber rings to the pedicles of yearling stags to induce analgesia in the antler prior to removal. To compare the application of a rubber ring with that of a lignocaine ring block of the antler pedicle on the efficacy and time course of the analgesia produced in yearling stags.

METHODS: Rubber rings were applied to the pedicles of 36 yearling stags that required velvet antler removal. The standard method, a doubled-over ring expanded and lowered down from the distal end of the antler and released midway down the pedicle, was compared with a cable-tie method on the other pedicle, where a ring was pulled around the pedicle by an electrical cable tie threaded through the ring. Brief electrical stimulation (train-of-four mode) was applied proximal and distal to the ring before, and at regular intervals for 1 hour after, application of the ring to a level that produced an auriculopalpebral reflex response.

In a second experiment, each pair of antlers per yearling stag (n=36) was allocated to one of three pairs of treatments, viz no treatment (control) and the cable-tie method as described above, control and local anaesthesia (a ring block of 2 ml 2% lignocaine per cm pedicle circumference), or the cable-tie method and local anaesthesia. Electrical stimulation (tetanic mode) was applied to each antler approximately 25 mm distal to the pedicle/antler junction before, and at intervals up to 1 hour after, application of treatments at a level required to produce a head/neck avoidance behavioural response.

In a third experiment, the two electrical stimulation protocols used above were directly compared by measuring the response of stags (n=8) to one protocol on each pedicle/antler prior to, and at intervals for 1 hour after, application of a rubber ring. At the end of each treatment in all three experiments, analgesia of the antler was established as a nil behavioural response of the stag to a saw cut to the antler (the ‘nick test’).

RESULTS: For both methods of application of a ring the minimum electrical stimulation required distal to the ring to elicit a reflex response increased from around 16 to 55 mA by 60 minutes. In contrast, the electrical stimulation required proximal to the ring remained low (~17.0 mA) throughout. No stag subjected to either of the methods of application responded to the nick test 60 minutes after application of the ring.

The electrical stimulation required to produce a behavioural response increased very rapidly in stags treated with local anaesthetic and at a slower rate in those treated with the cabletie method but showed no significant increase in control stags. After 4 and 30 minutes, for local anaesthesia and the cable-tie method, respectively, 95% of stags were not responding to 80 mA. A significantly greater proportion of stags with antlers treated with local anaesthetic and the cable-tie method did not respond to the nick test than controls, and there was no significant difference in the frequency of the response between stags with treated antlers.

The minimum current required to produce a response proximal to a rubber ring was slightly higher on average for train-of-four electrical stimulus (mean 18.1 (SD 2.6) mA) than for the tetanic mode (mean 11.9 (SD 2.5) mA). The increase in minimum current required to produce the respective response to stimulation distal to the ring was similar for both methods, although the maximum predicted value (67.4 mA) was lower for train-of-four than for the tetanic mode (84.5 mA). No stag responded to the nick test =60 minutes after application of the ring.

CONCLUSIONS: The cable-tie method was no different from the standard method as a procedure for producing analgesia in the antlers of yearling stags and should be accepted as an appropriate procedure for applying analgesic rings to yearling stags. The analgesia produced in the antlers of yearling stags by rubber rings applied by the cable-tie method to the pedicle was similar to that of a lignocaine ring block, but the time course for the development of analgesia was markedly different. Given that a lignocaine ring block is accepted as an adequate method of pain relief for antler removal, the application of rubber rings followed by a period of =30 minutes after application can be advocated as a viable alternative for pain relief.     

固定式割胶机器人割胶误差分析与精度控制

针对固定式自动割胶设备成本高、质量大和割胶精度低等问题,该研究提出一种采用高分子材料制作的固定式割胶机器人,提出一种先扫描后切割的割胶控制方式。利用超声波传感器预先扫描树围,通过建立测量误差控制模型得到刀尖与树皮的距离,利用PID控制算法控制刀具进给量。为减少进退刀次数和降低电机功率损耗,根据橡胶树皮结构和割胶技术规程,将切割深度从5.5 mm调整为5.2～5.8 mm,并进行试验验证。结果表明：固定式割胶机器人割胶时螺旋角为25°～30°,其控制方式可保证刀尖到达目标位置,且1次走刀即可完成割胶工作,有效切割时间仅为22 s,相比于传统人工割胶（需多次走刀,有效切割时间为1 min）,该割胶机器人的割胶效率提高了63%,可实现快速精准割胶。在固定的切割深度范围内作业时,进退刀次数减少36%;刀具电流变化幅度最大减小4.11%。该研究设计的固定式割胶机器人及控制方式不损伤橡胶树,可替代人工作业,提高割胶效率,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

橡胶籽资源的研究开发现状

我国橡胶籽资源广泛且价格低,开发橡胶籽资源对实现资源综合利用以及提高橡胶产业经济效益具有重要意义。本文介绍了橡胶籽的主要组成成分,总结了橡胶籽在饲料、食品、医药和工业应用等方面的研究进展,分析了利用过程中存在的问题,并提出了开发利用建议,以期为橡胶籽资源高效综合利用提供更多的研究思路。     

基于直流电机与全液压转向器直联的自动转向系统研究

针对农机装备电控液压自动转向系统生产成本高及电动方向盘自动转向系统中控制力矩小、存在自由行程的问题,设计了基于直流电机与全液压转向器直联的自动转向机构及其电控系统,该系统主要包括自动转向执行机构、自动转向控制器和液压转向机构等。自动转向执行机构与原车液压转向机构连接实现自动转向功能,考虑了底盘阿克曼角的自动转向控制器实现车轮转向的精确控制,通过在转向驱动电机输出轴安装电磁离合器和转向柱扭矩传感器实现人工驾驶模式和自动驾驶模式的自动切换。试验结果表明,车轮转角响应平均稳态误差小于0.1°,最大稳态误差为0.158°,±20°阶跃信号最快响应时间达1.2 s,超调量小于1%,可以满足对各种轮式农机的自动导航辅助驾驶转向系统性能的要求。     

橡胶人工林生态系统养分循环研究I．无性系PR107氮素体循环

通过对儋州地区,林分结构相近、立地条件相似、抚管措施相同、林龄不同（2a～28a）的橡胶无性系PR107的生物量和分配格局、生产力、氮素积累与固定、氮素归还、凋落物及氮素利用效率进行比较研究,发现它们之间存在较明显的差别,并表现出不同的养分生物学特性。试验结果表明：（1）橡胶树不同器官氮素含量高低顺序为：叶>树枝>树根>树皮>树干>胶乳,而积累量和分配格局则为：树干>树枝>树叶>树皮>树根>胶乳。在橡胶树28a生长周期中,养分积累总量可达5639.12kg/hm2,其中氮素约为1606.13kg/hm2,占28.48%。（2）随着树龄的增长,橡胶树枯落物量和由此向土壤归还的氮素总量也逐年增加,氮素归还率也逐年增加。据测定,不同树龄橡胶树每年枯落物总量约为0.295～11.08t/hm2,由枯落物向土壤归还的养分总量达13.44～431.4kg/hm2.a,其中氮约为5.28～162.62kg/hm2。（3）橡胶树体对氮素的利用效率基本上随着树龄的增加逐渐降低,各器官对氮素的利用效率大小顺序为：树干>树皮>胶乳>树枝>树根>树叶。