保山咖啡产业现状及发展对策

保山是云南省重要的咖啡产区之一,其地理、气候条件非常适宜咖啡生长,咖啡种植历史悠久、品质上乘,但目前市场占有率和品牌影响力不高。本文分析了保山市咖啡产业发展现状和存在的不足,从提高生豆精品率、提高精深加工率、提高品牌影响力和市场占有力、培育壮大市场主体、精准的政策供给等方面提出了做强做大咖啡产业的建议,以期为当地咖啡产业高质量发展提供参考。     

手持振动梳刷式小粒咖啡采摘装置设计与试验

针对云南丘陵山区小粒咖啡人工采收成本高、大型机械采收困难等问题,设计了手持振动梳刷式小粒咖啡采摘装置。通过建立果树-机械收获动力学模型和多体动力学仿真,得到振幅的稳态响应表达式,并确定了振动部件和梳刷部件的结构参数。利用ADAMS建立了果树-机械刚柔耦合模型,采用广义力与传感器函数控制的方法进行单因素仿真试验,分析了频率、梳齿间距和偏心块夹角对小粒咖啡收获效果的影响规律。以频率、梳齿间距和偏心块夹角为试验因素,采净率、采青率和损伤率为试验指标,进行二次回归正交旋转组合试验,结果表明:对采净率和采青率的影响因素重要性依次为频率、梳齿间距、偏心块夹角;对损伤率影响因素重要性依次为梳齿间距、频率和偏心块夹角。当频率为26 Hz、梳齿间距为32 mm、偏心块夹角为22.5°时,采摘机工作性能最佳,经试验验证,此时采净率为91.35%,采青率为8.46%,损伤率为4.15%,满足小粒咖啡收获技术要求。     

云南咖啡主产区寄生线虫种类的初步调查

云南省咖啡的种植面积和产量都占中国咖啡98%以上,因其品质好而享誉国内外。随着种植规模的扩大和种植年限的增加,病害也逐年加重,病害问题成为制约云南咖啡产业发展的一个重要因素。为了了解云南咖啡主产区寄生线虫的现状,2012—2013年,在云南省德宏州、普洱市、保山市等咖啡主要产区,采集110份根际土壤样本,用形态学方法对分离到的寄生线虫进行初步鉴定。结果发现了8属5种,分别是螺旋属（Helicotylenchus）：双宫螺旋线虫（H. dihystera）,指状螺旋线虫（H. digitiformis）;垫刃线虫属（Tylenchus）：戴维恩垫刃线虫（T. davainei）;短体线虫属（Pratylenchus）：咖啡短体线虫（P. coffeae）;盾属（Scutellonema）：小尾盾线虫（S. brachyurus）;剑咽线虫属（Aorolaimus）;丝尾垫刃属（Filenchus）;针属（Paratylenchus）;滑刃属（Aphelenchoides）。其中,小尾盾线虫、指状螺旋线虫、戴维恩垫刃线虫为在咖啡根际中首次报道。     

不同育苗基质下咖啡种间嫁接苗生长及光合特性

以大粒种咖啡(Caffea liberica)1号为砧木、中粒种咖啡(Caffea canephora)热研1号高产无性系为接穗形成种间嫁接苗,以棕榈叶+表土、棕榈叶+椰糠和椰糠+表土不同比例配置基质,比较不同处理下嫁接苗的根系形态、光合特性、生物量及苗木质量指数,筛选适宜育苗基质.结果表明:以棕榈叶+表土体积比1:0...     

木质素与咖啡壳粉制备木塑复合材料的性能研究

以碱木质素与咖啡壳粉共同作为原料,与桉木粉、高密度聚乙烯以及助剂等,采用熔融混炼、挤出造粒、热压成型的方法制备木塑复合材料。分析木质素、咖啡壳粉的加入对复合材料力学性能、吸水性能、动态热机械性能等方面的影响;并且全组分测定了咖啡壳粉,分析其与木粉化学成分的差异。结果表明：咖啡壳粉主要化学成分与木粉接近,仅加入木质素制备的WPC,静曲强度与拉伸强度均随木质素含量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。而加入木质素与咖啡壳粉制备的WPC力学强度得到显著的改善,静曲强度可以提高49.31%,冲击强度提高16.62%。木质素与咖啡壳粉加入后,各组分之间具有较好的相容性,能够形成均一的体系,表现出更高的热稳定性;同时断面更为密实均匀,体现出更为理想的界面结合性。添加木质素后,WPC耐腐朽性能得到改善,与仅添加木质素制备的WPC相比,加入木质素与咖啡壳粉制备的WPC具有更好的耐腐性。可见,碱木质素添加量为15%,咖啡壳粉为45%时,制备的木塑复合材料性能最佳。     

咖啡品种比较试验报告

对咖啡‘卡蒂姆7963’、‘德热028’、‘德热063’、‘德热132’、‘德热155’和‘德热296’进行品种比较试验。结果表明，‘德热296’和‘德热155’产量高、品质优、抗锈性强，具有显著的推广应用价值。     

Population dynamics of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on Coffea canephora in the Lake Victoria Crescent agroecological zone of Uganda

We studied the seasonal population dynamics of Xylosandrus compactus on Coffea canephora for 24 months from June 2013 to May 2015 at the National Coffee Research Institute, Mukono, Uganda. Every month, we randomly sampled 20 infested twigs from different coffee trees on each of three experimental blocks, and dissected them to count different stages of X. compactus per twig. We recorded monthly mean temperature and total rainfall. Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of different life stages of X. compactus inside C. canephora twigs over time were analysed with a general linear model. Ambient temperature and rainfall were used to predict changes in monthly mean counts by means of a multiple linear regression. The population of X. compactus varied significantly across months and its major peak occurred from May to August. This variability was poorly explained by prevailing weather conditions with only the number of dead females correlated negatively with mean monthly temperature. Therefore, it may be suitable to apply management interventions against X. compactus on C. canephora in Uganda prior to May–August of each year to prevent the pest from attaining damaging levels. Further research is necessary to better understand the effect of weather variables on population dynamics of this insect pest.     

咖啡的精品时代

本世纪全球咖啡产业已经进入"精品"和"4C"等认证时代。中国的咖啡产业历经60余年的规模化发展,特别是云南省近20余年的规模化种植,小粒种商品咖啡豆的质量已经被国内外客商知晓。"十二五"云南的咖啡产业进入大发展阶段,普洱和临沧两市将新增种植面积6.67万hm2。今后各种植区在生产大宗商品豆的同时,可在局部种植生产"精品"商品豆,以提升云南咖啡在国际上的话语权,增加种植户的经济收入。     

Runoff Development and Soil Erosion in a Wet Tropical Montane Setting under Coffee Cultivation

The western interior portions of Puerto Rico offer optimal climatic conditions for coffee cultivation. However, land and water degradation result when abrupt topographic relief and high annual rainfall combine with forest conversion for coffee farming. Small‐scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to quantify runoff and erosion from four land surface types (i.e., mulched, weed‐covered, and bare soils under active cultivation, and unpaved roads) representative of coffee farms in Puerto Rico. Results show that mulch‐covered soils had runoff coefficients similar to those from undisturbed forested conditions (~4%), and that they eroded at rates about a quarter of those for bare cultivated soils. Weed‐covered soils had surprisingly high runoff coefficients (~70%), yet their erosion rates were only three‐fourths of those for bare soils. Annualized erosion rates from unpaved roads were 65 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, or ten times greater than bare soils and about a hundred times higher than weed‐ or mulch‐covered surfaces. Farm‐scale sediment production estimates amount to ~11 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, about two‐orders of magnitude higher than under forested conditions. At the farm‐scale, only 2 – 8% of the total sediment is potentially attributable to cultivated hillslopes. In contrast, unpaved roads may account for over 90% of the sediment budget, even though they comprise only 15% of the farm surface area. Therefore, while providing mulch or a vegetative cover to bare cultivated soils should be part of effective soil management, mitigating the effects of coffee cultivation on downstream water resources must focus on the unpaved road network as the primary sediment source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

咖啡蚧虫的生物防治和云南咖啡害虫综合治理浅见

文章综述了咖啡蚧虫的种类、为害及其生物防治方法，分析了影响生物防治的因素和发展趋势，提出了开展云南咖啡害虫综合治理研究的建议。