Kinetics of Zinc Uptake and Anatomy of Roots and Leaves of Coffee Trees as Affected by Zinc Nutrition

Abstract

The influence of silicon (Si) (2.5 mM), sodium chloride (NaCl) (100 mM), and Si (2.5 mM) + NaCl (97.5 mM) supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ level, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C.1.15.1.1.), ascorbate peroxidase (APx; E.C.1.11.1.11.), catalase (CAT; E.C.1.11.1.6.), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD; E.C.1.11.1.7.) enzymes, and protein content were studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill c.v.) leaves over 10-day and 27-day periods. The results indicated that silicon partially offset the negative impacts of NaCl stress with increased the tolerance of tomato plants to NaCl salinity by raising SOD and CAT activities, chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency of PSII. Salt stress decreased SOD and CAT activities and soluble protein content in the leaves. However, addition of silicon to the nutrient solution enhanced SOD and CAT activities and protein content in tomato leaves under salt stress. In contrast, salt stress slightly promoted APx activity and considerably increased H₂O₂ level and MDA concentration and Si addition slightly decreased APx activity and significantly reduced H₂O₂ level and MDA concentration in the leaves of salt-treated plants. G-POD activity was slightly decreased by addition of salt and Si. Enhanced activities of SOD and CAT by Si addition may protect the plant tissues from oxidative damage induced by salt, thus mitigating salt toxicity and improving the growth of tomato plants. These results confirm that the scavenging system forms the primary defense line in protecting oxidative damage under stress in crop plants.     

云南省小粒咖啡产业现状及品牌建设研究

论述了当前云南省小粒咖啡产业的现状,并针对该现状提出发展云南省咖啡品牌的对策与建议.     

Addition of Leucaena-KX2 mulch in a shaded coffee agroforestry system increases both stable and labile soil C fractions

Agroforestry systems have the potential to increase sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) as soil organic carbon (SOC) because of the increased rates of organic matter addition and retention. However, few studies have characterized the relative stability of sequestered SOC in soil. We characterized SOC storage in aggregate size and chemical stability classes to estimate the relative stability of SOC pools after the addition of Leucaena-KX2 pruning residues (mulch) from 2006 to 2008 in a shaded coffee agroforestry system in Hawaii. Soil samples were separated by microaggregate isolation, density flotation and dispersion, and acid hydrolysis, resulting in five distinct fractions that differed in relative stability: coarse particulate organic matter (POM), fine POM, microaggregate-protected POM, silt + clay hydrolyzable soil organic matter (SOM), and silt + clay non-hydrolyzable SOM. With mulch addition, the fine POM fraction increased. There was also a shift in the proportion of SOC to more stable silt + clay fractions. In the absence of mulch there was no significant change in SOC fractions. Given that the turnover time of SOC in silt + clay fractions is on the order of decades to centuries, the potential benefits of active shade management and mulching compensate for the loss of C sequestration in tree biomass from pollarding.     

云南咖啡主产区寄生线虫种类的初步调查

云南省咖啡的种植面积和产量都占中国咖啡98%以上,因其品质好而享誉国内外。随着种植规模的扩大和种植年限的增加,病害也逐年加重,病害问题成为制约云南咖啡产业发展的一个重要因素。为了了解云南咖啡主产区寄生线虫的现状,2012—2013年,在云南省德宏州、普洱市、保山市等咖啡主要产区,采集110份根际土壤样本,用形态学方法对分离到的寄生线虫进行初步鉴定。结果发现了8属5种,分别是螺旋属（Helicotylenchus）：双宫螺旋线虫（H. dihystera）,指状螺旋线虫（H. digitiformis）;垫刃线虫属（Tylenchus）：戴维恩垫刃线虫（T. davainei）;短体线虫属（Pratylenchus）：咖啡短体线虫（P. coffeae）;盾属（Scutellonema）：小尾盾线虫（S. brachyurus）;剑咽线虫属（Aorolaimus）;丝尾垫刃属（Filenchus）;针属（Paratylenchus）;滑刃属（Aphelenchoides）。其中,小尾盾线虫、指状螺旋线虫、戴维恩垫刃线虫为在咖啡根际中首次报道。     

基于太赫兹光谱和支持向量机快速鉴别咖啡豆产地

结合太赫兹时域光谱技术和支持向量机对3种典型产地的咖啡豆进行了鉴别。选取埃塞俄比亚(Ethiopia)、哥斯达黎加(Costa Rica)以及印度尼西亚(Indonesia)3个产地咖啡豆样品进行压片处理,采用太赫兹透射模式获取样品的时域和频域光谱信号,并用主成分分析法对太赫兹频域光谱信号进行分析;构造了基于粒子群(partical swarm optimization,PSO)参数寻优的支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)鉴别模型,模型对不同产地咖啡豆样品的综合识别正确率达到95%。试验结果表明,太赫兹作为新型的检测手段结合模式识别方法可用于咖啡豆的产地鉴别。该文为一类在太赫兹波段下没有明显特征吸收峰的农产品/食品安全检测和产地追溯研究提供了一种快速、准确的方法。     

Species diversity and habitat fragmentation: frogs in a tropical montane landscape in Mexico

We evaluate the alpha (within patch species richness), beta (spatial turnover among patches) and gamma (landscape) diversity of frogs in a tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) in central Veracruz, Mexico in order to assess (1) the influence of forest fragmentation on frog assemblages, (2) the importance to diversity of the various elements of the landscape matrix, including the shaded coffee plantations and cattle pastures that surround TMCF and (3) to identify the frog guilds most affected by habitat transformation. We sampled ten sites between May 1998 and November 2000: five TMCF fragments and five anthropogenic habitats. For the entire landscape, we registered 21 species belonging to six families. 100% of these were found in the TMCF fragments and 62% in the surrounding mosaic of anthropogenic habitats. Gamma diversity (γ) is determined to a greater extent by species exchange (β) than by local species richness (α). Elevational variation, the degree of conservation of the vegetation canopy and fragment size appear to determine the species diversity of this landscape. Large species, terrestrial species, those whose eggs develop outside water, and those whose larvae develop in the water seemed to be most affected by habitat transformation. On its own, even the largest and most species-rich cloud forest fragment is not capable of preserving the current anuran diversity. Neither are the shaded coffee plantations that are interspersed among and link the patches of TMCF. However together they form a diverse system of habitats crucial to species conservation in this landscape.     

Chemical and microbiological soil properties in organic and conventional management systems of Coffea arabica L.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic (OS) and conventional (CS) farming of Arabica coffee on chemical and microbiological soil properties and to identify which attributes correlate and/or contribute to distinguishing these two management systems. We collected soil samples on a 100 × 100 m² grid in both, the OS and CS, in winter and summer and submitted chemical and microbiological properties to univariate and multivariate analyses (canonical discriminant analysis – CDA – and redundancy analysis – RDA). The best indicators to discriminate OS and CS were chemical and microbiological properties, as the elements calcium (Ca) and boron (B), besides microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO₂), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The RDA showed that, regardless of the season, MBC and ACP correlated with nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and organic matter (OM), whereas basal respiration (C-CO₂) and ACP correlated with qCO₂ and with magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and pH.     

5个咖啡品种在保山市潞江坝干热河谷区生长及产量性状调查

对干热河谷地区潞江坝的5个基因型咖啡品种进行评价调查,在3年里记录各个品种的生长量,单株产量,鲜果千粒重,干果千粒重等并进行分析比较。为今后干热河谷地区的咖啡种植品种选择提供参考依据。     

Global coffee market influence on land‐use and land‐cover change in the Western Ghats Of India

In this study, we used image‐processing techniques to examine the spatial pattern of land‐use and land‐cover (LULC) change that occurred in the coffee growing area in the Western Ghats of India during the international coffee crisis in the 1990s. The study also ascertains the driving forces of these changes using qualitative research methods that include archival studies and interviews of knowledgeable individuals. We analyzed Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) for 1991 and Landsat ETM+ for 2002 to quantify LULC. Historical land‐use changes in different land ownership regimes were also analyzed. Global coffee market fluctuations were found to be the major cause of landscape change in the study region. When the global coffee prices increased, more forested areas were cleared for coffee cultivation. Failure of global coffee market forced farmers to convert land from subsistence farming (rice) to short‐period commercial crops like ginger. This also resulted in land degradation in rice paddies. For the farmers in the Western Ghats, LULC decisions are one of the methods used to cope with the vulnerability created due to the international coffee crisis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.