超级稻弱势粒灌浆机理及其调控技术研究

水稻籽粒灌浆是水稻生长的重要生理过程,直接影响到水稻的结实和产量。从籽粒灌浆特性、激素和酶等方面分析了超级稻籽粒充实不良的成因与机理及提高超级稻籽粒充实的调控途径,旨在揭示水稻的强弱势籽粒灌浆差异的机理,为有效地挖掘超级稻高产潜力提供理论依据。     

社会转型期档案工作的新思路

实现“两个转变”、建立“两个体系”是新时期我国档案工作的新战略,现从理论内涵、时代意义和实现途径等方面对其进行全方位分析,探讨不同实践主体在建立“两个体系”中的职责和任务,为促进“两个体系”建设目标的实现提供参考。     

Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to the study of long‐term soil degradation: A case study from Schleswig‐Holstein,Germany

Soil degradation is a serious problem and an important environmental issue in many ecosystems. Without integrative, interdisciplinary and historical approaches, understanding the effects of long‐term soil degradation is difficult. According to this idea it is hypothesized that in order to study long‐term natural and human‐induced soil degradation, it is necessary to use interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with respect to temporal and spatial landscape changes. The results of the investigation of colluvial sediments and soils in research area in Schleswig‐Holstein (Germany) with a high resolution in space and time—using the four‐dimensional landscape analysis—indicated the temporal and spatial variation of soils and sediments from the Mesolithic until Modern times. Intensive soil degradation occurred as a result of the land clearance and agricultural land use in the investigation areas since the Neolithic time. The general results of this investigation show that the use of an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach with pedological and geomorphological perspectives for different times and places can help to reconstruct the long‐term natural and human‐induced soil degradation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improving local technologies to manage speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) in southern Benin

Abstract

Speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) is difficult to control in the tropics. Farmers allocate most of their time and labour to weeding speargrass. We investigated in a joint experiment concluded with farmers, how effectively grain legumes suppress speargrass, and the relationships between speargrass suppression, legume grain yield, and subsequent maize yield. Without management, speargrass shoots and rhizomes increased with 31 and 17% per month, respectively. The integration of deep ridging, deep hoe weeding and shading suppressed speargrass more effectively than farmers' practices. Creeping varieties of cowpea that produced most biomass were most successful in suppressing speargrass and in enhancing subsequent maize yields, but erect cowpea cultivars produced more grain. Farmers traded off cowpea yield against speargrass suppression to bridge the hungry gap. They preferred the erect cowpea cultivar wan. The need to forego a harvest and the fact that pigeonpea is not consumed in the area makes pigeonpea presently unsuitable for integration into the cropping system.     

高水分利用效率作物品种选育的主要生理途径分析

分析了WUE与作物植株形态、气孔因素、光合能量转化以及根系水分生理等过程的关系。结果表明,大气CO2体积浓度下作物气孔导度降低而光合速率升高,导致WUE显著增加;常规育种是目前乃至今后很长一段时间内选育高WUE作物品种的主要手段。     

参与式方法在农业投资项目中的应用

根据农业建设项目的特点,引入参与式机制与方法,可将现代管理的四大要素计划、组织、控制、反馈渗透到项目管理的全过程,能有效地保证项目运行的良性循环和资金运行的安全、有效,对促进农业项目实现科学、规范管理,提高项目资金效益有极为重要的价值。     

乡村环境保护和管理的景观途径

恢复和提高生态服务功能已经成为区域可持续发展的重要途径.论文介绍了景观方法,探讨了乡村环境保护和管理景观方法途径,包括绿色基础设施建设、生态服务功能提升、农业生态系统生物关系重建、乡村景观特征提升、小流域面源污染控制景观综合管理以及构建以农户为主体的生态景观管护制度.结合海淀区土地整治绿色基础设施规划、北京市都市型现代农业万亩示范区生态景观建设规划设计案例,分析了乡村环境保护和管理需要从田块尺度提升到景观尺度的必要性,需要从区域生态景观战略规划、景观尺度上空间格局规划、生态景观化工程技术应用3个层次上,提高生态景观服务功能,保护和修复乡村生态环境.在项目实施过程中,要加强不同的土地经营者、管理者以及利益相关者合作,推进综合景观管理.     

论公权力在环境公益诉讼中的实现

我国环境公益诉讼制度得到了较快的发展,但仍然围绕着裁判机关主导的职权主义诉讼模式,这种模式在一定程度上忽视了公权力能够推动环境公益诉讼程序发展的作用。针对这一问题,以“原告”为视角分析公权力在环境公益诉讼中实现的必要性以及可行性,提出诉讼外以及诉讼内两个方面公权力的实现路径,以期保障公权力在环境公益诉讼制度建设中的促进作用。     

Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Evaluation of seed yield, morphological variability and nutritional quality of 27 germplasm lines of Chenopodium quinoa and 2 lines of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae was carried out in subtropical North Indian conditions over a 2-year period. Seed yield ranged from 0.32 to 9.83 t/ha, higher yields being shown by four Chilean, two US, one Argentinian and one Bolivian line. Two lines of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae exhibited high values for most of the morphological traits but were low yielding. Seed protein among various lines ranged from 12.55 to 21.02% with an average of 16.22 ± 0.47%. Seed carotenoid was in the range of 1.69–5.52 mg/kg, while leaf carotenoid was much higher and ranged from 230.23 to 669.57 mg/kg. Genetic gain as percent of mean was highest for dry weight/plant, followed by seed yield and inflorescence length. All morphological traits except days to flowering, days to maturity and inflorescence length exhibited significant positive association with seed yield. The association of leaf carotenoid with total chlorophyll and seed carotenoid was positive and highly significant. The path analysis revealed that 1000 seed weight had highest positive direct relationship with seed yield (1.057), followed by total chlorophyll (0.559) and branches/plant (0.520). Traits showing high negative direct effect on seed yield were leaf carotenoid (−0.749), seed size (−0.678) and days to flowering (−0.377). Total chlorophyll exerted strongest direct positive effect (0.722) on harvest index, followed by seed yield (0.505) and seed protein (0.245).     

高等农林院校研究生创新能力培养及保障机制研究

研究生的创新教育关系到国家教育创新的实现,关系到全球化高层次人才竞争的成败。创新能力不足一直是农林类研究生教育中存在的难题。本文概述了农林科学及其研究生的特点,从影响研究生创新能力培养的因素入手,提出了农林院校研究生创新能力培养的途径,并对其保障机制进行了初步探讨。