对提高农业院校科技成果转化效率的若干思考

首先分析了现阶段中国农业院校提高农业科技成果转化效率的现实意义,在此基础上以中国H农业大学为例,深入研究了中国农业院校在农业科技成果转化工作中存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决对策。     

黄土区大型露天矿排土场水力侵蚀计算与防治

以黄土区安太堡露天矿未复垦排土场为对象,研究未复垦排土场平台水力侵蚀(沟蚀)状况,通过实地外业采样和内业数据处理,结合数据统计分析平台,计算出了研究区内的沟蚀量分布情况,并分析了平台汇水面、土壤容重、坡度与沟蚀模数的关系,估算研究区水力侵蚀造成的直接经济损失,提出排土场平台复垦和水土流失防治措施。结果表明:(1)研究区水力侵蚀严重,总体沟蚀模数相当于自然地貌土壤侵蚀模数的6.8倍,其中平台汇水面对沟蚀模数的影响巨大;(2)排土场平台表层土壤压实,40cm以内土层压实最为严重,深层土壤土质较疏松;(3)排土场平台坡度和坡长在一定程度上可以反映出土壤侵蚀的高低,在水土流失防治措施中应予考虑。在平台复垦和土壤侵蚀防治中应采用减少平台汇水面积、增大地表水入渗能力和提高植被覆盖度的措施为主,本研究成果可为排土场复垦和水土流失防治提供参考。     

Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

保水剂对用于高陡岩石边坡人工基质的性状影响

 客土基质配方对基质在陡峭岩石边坡上的抗侵蚀能力以及构成客土基质的各个组分及其相互作用对植物生长的影响的研究势在必行。本研究以解决上述工程技术使用过程中的人工基质水分问题为目的,对保水剂加入土壤后的保水、吸水特性及保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响进行系统研究。结果显示：所用保水剂的最大吸水倍率达到500倍以上,将其加入土壤后,土壤水分状况得到显著改善（p<0.05）,同时,土壤对保水剂的吸水和保水特性均有显著影响。在30℃及50℃的温度胁迫下,可分别持续保水12h和8h。另外,土壤容重,比重随着保水剂添加浓度的增加而下降,而孔隙度随保水剂的增加而上升,但3个物理变量值在各处理浓度间的差异均不显著（p>0.05）。     

水资源开发利用状况综合评价方法研究

在简单评述主成分分析法、灰色关联分析法、层次分析法和物元分析法等综合评价方法的基础上,将这些方法应用于对我国重要粮食基地松辽流域的水资源利用现状的综合分析,不仅对松辽流域的水资源利用及粮食生产安全现状给出了综合评判,还根据评判结果,对比分析上述方法的适用范围和限制条件等,指出了相应的改进方向.     

小型甘蔗联合收获机械车架的模态分析

采用虚拟仪器技术,构建机械振动测试系统,通过对小型甘蔗收获机车架的FRF的测量,研究车架的结构在改变工况的情况下具有的运动特性;同时,分析了车架的固有动态特性.结合试验结果,对其进行了评价,找出了车架设计中的缺陷,为小型甘蔗收获机械车架的设计提供依据.     

劳动力老龄化对我国农业生产效率的影响

针对我国农村人口老龄化现象不断加剧,致使农业劳动力供给质量下降等问题,以2009年农村固定观察点数据为依据,分析我国农业劳动力老龄化现状,并利用柯布道格拉斯生产函数研究劳动力老龄化对农业生产效率的影响。结果表明:我国农业生产中存在严重的老龄化现象,60岁以上的劳动力占18.42%;与年轻劳动力相比,老龄劳动力的生产效率明显较低,老龄农户不仅主要生产要素的边际产值低于非老龄农户,而且耕种面积以及其他各生产要素的投入水平也均低于非老龄户,这说明农业老龄化严重制约着我国农业的发展。     

The Strategic Importance of Cereal Virtual Water in Algeria： Report and Perspectives

In order to quantify the virtual water part which is contained in the imported cereals, compared with the hydraulic potentialities which are annually mobilised through the national territory, and on the basis of the agricultural statistics, we have determined the average quantities of the imported cereals per year in order to determine the virtual water volume that these cereals bind. The water needs of the cereals which are produced in Algeria have been calculated by the Cropwat software, in order to define the equivalent quantities of water in their production on the national scale. The obtained results confirm the importance of the annually imported virtual water, through the imported cereals, comparing with the national hydraulic potentialities. Our study shows also that in spite of the strategic importance of the virtual water in the imported cereals, a diminution has to take place, on the average term, by an improvement of the use efficiency of the precipitations （green virtual water） using the best mastery of the technical itinerary in general, and also the efficient use of precipitations in particular.     

加快水肥一体化进程提升灌溉施肥水平

水肥一体化是利用管道灌溉系统,将肥料溶解在水中,同时进行灌溉与施肥,适时、适量地满足农作物对水分和养分的需求,实现水肥同步管理和高效利用的节水农业技术.为了进一步加快水肥一体化技术在锡林郭勒盟（以下简称锡盟）的推广应用,文章从全盟农田灌溉及施肥历史做一回顾和总结,同时分析当前水肥一体化技术应用现状和存在问题,通过加快水肥一体化进程,全面提升灌溉施肥水平.     

保水剂对土壤持水特性的影响

利用张力计和恒温脱水动力学方法,研究了不同剂量保水剂（聚丙烯酰胺和水解淀粉）施入轻壤质潮土后土壤持水性质的变化,结果表明,在土壤低吸力段（０－８０ｋＰａ）,随保水剂用量的增加,土壤持水容量增大,从而增加了作物可利用的有效水;在相同含水量时,土壤水能保水剂量用量增大而降低;但在相同水分能态下,土壤含水量随保水剂的增加而明显增大、施用保水剂后,土壤可在较长时间内保持较高的水分含量;且随保水剂用量增加,