Climate effects and bottom‐up controls on growth and size‐at‐age of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in Alaska (USA)

Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) are an ecologically, commercially, and culturally important Alaskan groundfish species. Commercial harvest of halibut dates back to the late 19th century and has been managed by the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) since 1921. IPHC surveys have revealed declining trends in survey biomass in multiple regions and region‐specific declines in mean size‐at‐age (size‐at‐age) over the past two decades (>50% in some areas). Changes in size‐at‐age can arise from a variety of physical, ecological, sampling, and fishery effects, including size‐dependent fishery or predation mortality, alteration in growth from variability in prey quality or quantity, and changes in temperature‐dependent metabolic demands. Here, we develop and apply a bioenergetics model for halibut using survey‐based diet and temperature data for Alaska to evaluate potential environmental drivers of size‐at‐age. In general, juvenile (<40 cm fork length) foraging rates were highest in the Gulf of Alaska concomitant with higher potential growth and elevated basal metabolic demands during warm summer conditions. In contrast, adult (40–120 cm FL) potential growth was highest in the Eastern Bering Sea, potentially reflecting lower metabolic costs and higher rates of prey consumption in that region. We additionally find evidence for interannual variation in potential growth, with a higher frequency of reduced growth potential in the last decade, particularly in the Eastern Bering Sea in 2015 and 2016 for both juvenile and adult halibut. These results suggest the potential for patterns in size‐at‐age to arise from trophic and environmental constraints that collectively limit growth in some regions and years.     

养殖密度对硝化型生物絮团系统中凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

利用硝化型生物絮团系统进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖,并通过设置不同的养殖密度探究不同养殖密度下硝化型生物絮团系统对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和水质情况的影响。实验选择同一批标粗到一定规格的健康凡纳滨对虾[体长(4.80±0.25) cm,体质量(0.98±0.16)g],分成5个密度梯度组放养到养殖池中,进行为期45 d的养殖。结果表明:80～610尾/m~3范围内,硝化型生物絮团系统对非离子氨和亚硝酸盐氮可以控制在警戒浓度(0.2 mg/L)附近波动,为凡纳滨对虾健康生长提供了良好的环境,保证养殖存活率,另外该系统下适当的排污可以避免高密度养殖下硝酸盐氮积累太快;80～610尾/m~3时存活率随密度升高而下降,但产量随密度升高而增加。     

不同光质LED光源对黄瓜苗期生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究不同光质光源对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】以发光二极管（LED）精量调制光质和光强（红光、蓝光、白光和红蓝混合光）,白光作为对照,黄瓜品种银胚99为试材,研究不同光质LED光源（W、R、B、7R/3B、8R/2B、9R/1B）对幼苗的影响。【结果】在不同光质的影响下,黄瓜幼苗生长存在差异。蓝光（B）处理下可以明显提高植株的茎粗、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量;红蓝组合光有利于黄瓜幼苗的生长发育,7R/3B、8R/2B、9R/1B处理下壮苗指数、植株干物质量、Fv/Fm、ФPSII和qP均高于单一的红（R）、蓝（B）光处理;红光（R）处理下黄瓜幼苗的生物量和NPQ最大,处理期间叶绿素a/b值居高,呈现阳生植物的特性。【结论】红蓝组合光有利于黄瓜幼苗的生长,其株高、壮苗指数、植株干物质量及Fv/Fm、ФPSII和qP值与对照和单色光处理相比,均有显著提高,增强了光系统Ⅱ反应中心的开放程度和光能转换效率,保护了光系统Ⅱ的健康,尤以8R/2B处理表现突出。     

内源激素与地被菊匍匐生长特性形成的关系研究

[目的]研究内源激素与地被菊(Dendranthema morifolium cv.‘Yuhuajinhua’)匍匐生长特性形成的关系,为进一步揭示地被菊匍匐生长特性的形成提供激素生理学依据。[方法]以匍匐型地被菊雨花金华为试材,采用ELISA法,测定了植株匍匐生长前后各节间茎及其匍匐茎向重性反应过程中内源激素的含量和分布。[结果]内源激素在雨花金华茎负向重力侧和正向重力侧中分布具有不均匀性,且这种分布梯度在植株匍匐生长前后发生了明显改变。匍匐生长前,第3节间(发生弯曲生长的部位)负向重力侧中IAA含量显著高于正向重力侧,为正向重力侧的1.6倍;匍匐生长后,二者无显著差异。GA3在匍匐生长前茎的负向重力侧和正向重力侧中含量无显著差异,匍匐生长后,茎负向重力侧中的含量显著低于正向重力侧。而iPAs的分布在匍匐生长前后无明显变化。重力处理3 h后,匍匐茎发生明显向重性弯曲之前,IAA、GA3和iPAs的分布梯度均显著高于重力处理之前,分别是正向重力侧的1.8、1.3和1.8倍。随着重力处理的延长,其分布差异逐渐降低。由此推测,内源激素在雨花金华茎中的不对称分布与其匍匐生长特性的形成有着密切关系,很可能是茎生长到6～7个节位大小时,感受重力刺激后,内源激素在茎的向重性反应部位(顶芽下第3节间)形成了一定的分布梯度,更多的IAA和GA3分布在茎的负向重力侧,从而使茎负向重力侧生长快于正向重力侧,导致茎发生横向重性弯曲生长;当茎弯曲生长后,茎的负向重力侧和正向重力侧中的激素分布梯度差异减小,使得茎得以保持匍匐生长。[结论]生长素的含量和分布对植物株型建成具有重要作用。     

农业保险组织制度与乡村振兴的耦合协调发展研究

对2009—2019年农业保险组织制度创新与农村产业兴旺、农民生活富裕两个系统的耦合协调度进行测度，并模拟两系统间耦合协调的演化发展趋势，结果表明：农业保险组织制度创新与农村产业兴旺的耦合协调度略低于与农民生活富裕的耦合协调度，且二者均由初始的失调衰退阶段逐步发展至良好协调阶段；农业保险组织制度创新与两系统的各区域耦合协调度具有明显的与经济发展水平相似的"梯度化"特征；现阶段我国农业保险保障水平的提高以及政府补贴力度的加大是促进农业保险组织制度创新与两系统耦合协调度提升的主要动力。     

Thyroidal compensation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed canola meal

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were fed either a soybean mealbased (SM) or canola meal-based (CM) diet for up to 20 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothryonine (T₃) levels were significantly lower in the CM-fed fish sampled after 12 weeks. However, there appeared to be some compensation after 12 and 20 weeks in that the thyroid hormone levels in trout fed the CM were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed fish. Nevertheless, there was marked thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the CM-fed fish sampled at 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment. Moreover, the growth rate was significantly lower in the CM-fed fish in comparison to the SM-fed fish throughout the 20 week study period.Plasma T₄ levels were similar in SM-fed fish sampled 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment, but plasma T₃ levels progressively increased over this period, as did the apparent activity of the thyroid tissue based on histological criteria.Fasting for up to 8 weeks resulted in the arrested growth of the SM-fed fish, and a loss in body weight of the CM-fed animals over the 8 week period of the fast. In addition, the plasma thyroid hormone levels in the fasted fish tended to be lower than in fish fed both the SM and CM diets prior to fasting, and there was histological evidence indicating a reduced activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. However, thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy were still evident in the fasted fish previously fed the CM diet indicating that the adverse affects of CM diets are not completely reversible after 8 weeks.In fish fed the CM diet for 12 weeks and then the SM diet for up to a further 8 weeks (diet C-S) there was a compensatory increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels evident within 4 weeks after the change in diet, but no apparent decrease in thyroid hyperplasia or hypertrophy. In addition, in the fish fed the C-S diet there was a marked compensatory growth rate, and an increased feed: gain ratio; body weights of this group of fish were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed animals after 20 weeks of study, indicating a considerably higher growth rate over the last 8 week period.     

大西洋海域大眼金枪鱼年龄与生长的初步研究

根据2001年6~10月在大西洋海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中采集的89 ind大眼金枪鱼样本,对其叉长、体重进行测定,并以脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定材料。结果表明,叉长组成为85~186 cm,体重组成为11.5~132.5kg,年龄为2~6龄。体重与叉长关系式为W=4.5026×10-5×FL2.8200。利用一般Von Bertalanffy生长方程来拟合,叉长和体重生长方程为:FL=257.90×(1-e-0.1960(t+3.7919))2.5933,Wt=284.28×[(1-e-0.1960(t+3.7919))2.5933]2.8200。叉长和体重的生长拐点分别为1.07龄和5.75龄。     

农业生产托管模式效率差异及其影响因素研究——以黑龙江省为例

农业生产托管是实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接的重要途径,但不同托管模式可能存在效率差异,探究不同托管模式的效率差异对农业现代化发展具有重要的现实意义。本文基于产权理论,以黑龙江省为例,利用农业生产托管组织的调查数据,运用超越对数随机前沿生产函数,分析不同农业生产托管模式的技术效率差异并探讨其影响因素。结果表明,农业生产托管分为村集体主导型和新型农业经营主体主导型两种模式,村集体主导模式与新型农业经营主体主导模式之间存在技术效率差异,村集体主导模式的平均技术效率比新型农业经营主体主导模式高7.79个百分点。农业生产托管规模、托管土地细碎化程度、托管组织自给劳动力人数、设置农业经纪人能显著影响农业生产托管的技术效率。村集体主导模式与新型农业经营主体主导模式效率差异原因在于村集体主导模式土地细碎化程度较低,且由于产权原因自给劳动力人数普遍较多,而新型农业经营主体主导模式没有充分发挥托管规模与农业经纪人优势。因此,提出积极鼓励发展村集体主导模式、进一步支持新型农业经营主体扩大托管规模、培育农业经纪人队伍等建议。     

铁坚油杉天然林生长规律的研究

采用树干解析方法对广西国有雅长林场30 a铁坚油杉天然林生长规律进行研究。结果表明,30 a铁坚油杉树高、胸径和材积生长量分别为14.4 m、32.80 cm和0.479 9 m3。树高和胸径快速生长期分别为1~12 a和6~14 a,连年生长曲线与平均生长曲线分别相交于12~13 a和14~15 a。材积连年生长量在26 a达到最大值0.030 0 m³·a^-1,之后逐渐降低,模型分析得出材积连年生长曲线与平均生长曲线相交于38~39 a之间。借助系统聚类分析将材积生长期划分为生长缓慢期（1~8 a）、生长加速期（9~19 a）和生长快速期（20~30 a）3个阶段。树高、胸径和材积生长回归方程分别以理查德、理查德和威布尔模型拟合效果最好。     

不同整地方法对木豆植株生长及结实的影响

对印度引进的木豆晚熟品种ICP70 35 ,在怒江六库进行了不同整地方法的造林试验。试验结果表明 :木豆的单株产量以全垦整地方法为最高达 0 0 6 4kg/株 ,打塘整地方法最低为 0 0 38kg/株。通过投入与产出的经济效益分析 ,得出木豆单位面积的经济效益以全垦整地最高为 3773 2 0元 /hm2 ,种植沟整地次之为 2 932 6 0元 /hm2 ,打塘整地最低为 1971 90元 /hm2 。因此 ,在坡度较平缓、土层深厚的地块 ,宜采用全垦整地方法种植木豆 ;在坡度较大的地带 ,为最大程度地减少水土流失 ,宜采用打塘整地方法种植木豆。