氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光能利用及干物质转运的影响

【目的】研究测墒补灌节水栽培条件下,氮肥基追比例对小麦植株冠层不同层次光能利用和干物质积累转运及分配的影响,为确定合理的氮肥运筹模式提供依据。【方法】以‘济麦22’小麦为试验材料,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm^2条件下,设置5个氮肥基追比例,分别为N1 (0∶10)、N2 (3∶7)、N3 (5∶5)、N4 (7∶3)、N5(10∶0),在拔节期和开花期,土壤相对含水量均补灌至田间持水量的70%。【结果】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的N3处理开花后的叶面积指数、冠层上层和中层的光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率及截获量显著高于其它处理,中层和下层的透射率显著低于其它处理,PAR转化率和利用率较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高13.64%、8.02%、8.70%、14.38%和21.17%、8.50%、10.67%、23.88%。N3处理开花后干物质同化量、成熟期干物质积累量及中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量、转运率显著高于其它处理,籽粒干物质分配量较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高11.37%、5.68%、6.03%和16.25%。相关分析表明,中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量与中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关;籽粒干物质分配量与上层、中层及总PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率呈显著负相关。【结论】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的处理显著提高了小麦冠层的光能利用,促进了中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运,获得了最高的籽粒产量,为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

超声波处理对污泥热风干燥过程的影响

为了探讨超声作用对污泥热风干燥过程的强化效果,对不同功率超声作用下污泥热风干燥特性进行试验研究,分析讨论了超声声能密度、超声作用时间、超声热效应等因素对污泥干燥过程的影响。试验结果表明,超声作用可以加速污泥干燥速率,且超声强化效果随着声能密度的增加逐渐增强。当热风温度为80℃,声能密度分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8及1.0 W/m L时,污泥样品干基含水率降至100%所需干燥时间与无超声作用时相比分别缩短了8.3%、22.9%、33.3%、37.5%及39.6%。此外,超声作用时间不宜过长,超声声能密度0.8 W/m L持续作用2 h后,进一步增强超声作用时间对污泥干燥过程的强化效果已不明显。超声热效应使样品内部的温度梯度略有减小,因此超声作用没有强化污泥内部由温度梯度引起的水分扩散。     

油茶籽饼粕中甲醇提取物抑制黄曲霉菌效果及成分分析

为了明确油茶籽饼粕中对黄曲霉菌有抑制作用的活性物质。该研究开展了油茶籽饼粕不同溶剂提取物对黄曲霉菌菌丝生长及产毒的影响研究。选用80%甲醇作为溶剂对油茶籽粕进行提取,提取液依次利用乙酸乙酯、饱和正丁醇进行梯度萃取,得到乙酸乙酯萃取相、正丁醇萃取相和水相,正丁醇萃取相对黄曲霉菌有较好的抑制效果,100mg/mL浓度效果最好,抑菌圈直径为22.00 mm,菌丝干质量相比对照减少了42.88%,黄曲霉毒素未被检出,而乙酸乙酯萃取相和水相对黄曲霉菌的抑制效果较弱,甚至无抑菌效果。采用柱层析、超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆飞行时间质谱法对正丁醇萃取相中的抑菌物质进行纯化鉴定,分离出了3种黄酮苷类化合物:1)山奈酚-3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷-(1→3)-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷];2)山奈酚-3-O-[2-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-6-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷;3)山奈酚-3-O-(6-反式-对-香豆酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷。以上研究结果为黄曲霉菌天然抑菌剂的研究和开发提供了参考,也拓宽了油茶副产物的加工利用途径。     

Pseudomonas putida GM6在活性污泥中的生物强化除磷

The enhanced biological phosphorus removal （EBPR） method is widely adopted for phosphorus removal from wastewater, yet little is known about its microbiological and molecular mechanisms. Therefore, it is difficult to predict and control the deterioration of the EBPR process in a large-scale municipal sewage treatment plant. This study used a novel strain isolated in the laboratory, Pseudomonas putida GM6, which had a high phosphate accumulating ability and could recover rapidly from the deteriorated system and enhance the capability of phosphorus removal in activated sludge. Strain GM6 marked with gfp gene, which was called GMTR, was delivered into a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor （SBR） of low efficiency, to investigate the colonization of GMTR and removal of phosphorus. After 21 days, the proportion of GMTR in the total bacteria of the sludge reached 9.2%, whereas the phosphorus removal rate was 96%, with an effluent concentration of about 0.2 mg L^-1. In the reactor with the addition of GMTR, phosphorus was removed quickly, in 1 h under anaerobic conditions, and in 2 h under aerobic conditions. These evidences were characteristic of EBPR processes. Field testing was conducted at a hospital sewage treatment facility with low phosphorus removal capability. Twentyone days after Pseudomonas putida GM6 was added, effluent phosphorus concentration remained around 0.3 mg L^-1, corresponding to a removal rate of 96.8%. It was therefore demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida GM6 could be used for a quick startup and enhancement of wastewater biological phosphorus removal, which provided a scientific basis for potential large-scale engineering application.     

L波段主被动微波协同反演裸土土壤水分

土壤水分是进行干旱监测、土壤侵蚀、农作物产量预测以及地表温度研究的重要参量,利用主被动微波协同的方法提高土壤水分的反演精度是定量遥感发展所面临的重要任务。本文基于土壤L波段微波散射辐射模拟数据集,通过对比分析主被动微波数据对土壤水分含量和粗糙度2个参数的敏感性,提出了基于L波段主被动协同的裸土土壤水分反演算法,算法充分利用了被动微波地表发射率对土壤水分较为敏感,而主动微波后向散射系数对地表粗糙度较为敏感的特点。首先由地表垂直极化发射率和 VV 极化后向散射系数协同提取地表粗糙度信息,再由被动微波双极化数据结合地表粗糙度信息来估算土壤水分信息。利用SMAPVEX12实验数据集中部分稀疏植被采样点的观测数据对算法进行验证,验证结果显示,土壤水分反演结果与地面实测数据相关性为0.6637,RMSE为0.0607 cm3/cm3。该文反演算法模型系数直接由模拟数据集计算得到,克服了常规经验算法的发展对地表实测数据的依赖性,减小了算法在实际应用中的局限性。     

城市污泥生物干化过程的有机质转化与产水规律

城市污泥生物干化期间,微生物降解有机质产生水分,影响最终的干化效率。该研究采用自动控制技术进行城市污泥生物干化,测定了干化过程不同阶段的有机质组分转化,并通过水分平衡方程计算了污泥干化过程中堆体的产水量,研究了干化过程的产水规律。结果表明,第1次高温期是有机质降解最快的时期,日均降幅达6.68 kg/(t·d);生物干化完成时,有机质中的易降解有机质(易水解物和脂类)比例由49.91%降至37.94%,腐殖酸的比例由39.34%升至54.14%;堆体总产水量为61.80 kg/t,产水速率排序为:第1次高温期升温期第2次高温期降温期,其中第1次高温期日均产水速率达6.51 kg/(t·d),该时期也是有机质降解速率最大的时期。整个生物干化过程中,堆体产水量与蒸发量的比值为1:6.7,产水量远低于蒸发量,各阶段的产水量变化可为优化生物干化工艺提供参考。     

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Grown in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soil

The assessment of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in sewage sludge–amended soil was investigated. The results revealed that sewage sludge significantly (P < 0.01) increased the nutrients and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the soil. The contents of metals were found to be below the maximum levels permitted for soils in India. The most agronomic performance and biochemical components of S. oleracea were found at 50% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in S. oleracea were increased from 5% to 100% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The order of contamination factor (Cf) of different heavy metals was Mn > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu for soil and Cr > Cd > Mn > Zn > Cu for S. oleracea plants after application of sewage sludge. Therefore, use of sewage sludge increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and S. oleracea.     

不同类型的污泥对土壤微生物性质的影响: 地中海退化土的田间试验研究

The recycling of suitable organic wastes can enhance soil fertility via effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. To compare the effects of digested (DS), thermally dried (TDS) and composted dewatered (CDS) sewage sludge on soil microbiological properties, an experiment was conducted at field sites for more than one year (401 d) when applied to two Mediterranean degraded soils (loam and loamy sand soils). All three types of sewage sludge had a significant effect on measured parameters. I...     

冰核细菌对低温胁迫下枇杷光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

冻害是影响和限制枇杷生产和发展的主要因素。本试验以"早钟6号"枇杷为试材,采用人工降温的方法,测定接种冰核细菌后,枇杷叶片光合参数和叶绿素荧光动力学参数变化。结果显示:冰核细菌的存在能显著降低低温胁迫下枇杷叶片的Pn、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和水分利用效率,说明冰核细菌加重了低温对枇杷叶片光合机构的破坏性,加重冻害发生。在接种冰核细菌条件下,-3℃比-1℃Pn、Fm、Fo、Fv、Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm降低更显著且时间提前,说明温度愈低,冰核细菌对光合系统的破坏愈重且冻害发生时间提前。另外,Tr与冰核细菌的存在无显著相关性。     

Comparison of methods for measuring heavy metals and total phosphorus in soils contaminated by different sources

The relationships between the concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) as measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), aqua regia, and HNO₃ pressure digestion were studied in soil samples covering a wide range of heavy metal concentrations. The soils were contaminated by sewage sludge, exhaust depositions, river sediments of mining residues, and dump material. The question was addressed whether the source of heavy metals or other soil properties affect the relationship between these three methods. The aqua regia-digestible fraction of the five heavy metals reached on average 64% of the XRF-detectable content. The pressure accelerated HNO₃-digestible fraction of the five heavy metals was on average 71% of the XRF-detectable content; the respective phosphorus (P) fraction reached a median of 75%. This suggests that HNO₃ pressure digestion can also be used for characterizing the total P content of soils. Aqua regia extraction and HNO₃ pressure digestion gave similar values for Zn, Pb, and Cu, which dominate the heavy metal load of most contamination sources. Significantly higher Cr values were obtained by HNO₃ pressure digestion than by aqua regia extraction. Additionally, the Cr contents were affected by the source, e.g. sewage sludge had relatively high contents of aqua regia and HNO₃ pressure extractable contents in comparison to the XRF values. The element-specific relationships between the three methods were all highly significant. However, the respective multiple linear regression models were in most cases affected by soil organic carbon (C), in some cases by clay or soil pH.