林木种子发芽率的软X射线检验研究

本文应用Hy—35型软X—射线仪对杉木、柳杉等15个树种种子进行摄影并进行定位发芽试验。根据各树种种子的X光片成像特征将种子划分为若干等级,将X光片上判读的百分率与定位发芽所得的发芽率进行统计分析,找出估测各树种种子发芽率的X光片判读等级。     

Isolation and X-ray crystal structure of a new isoquinoline-N-oxide alkaloid from Calycotome villosa subsp. intermedia

A new isoquinoline-N-oxide alkaloid was extracted from the alkaloid fraction of a methanol extract of the seeds of Calycotome villosa subsp. intermedia. Its structure was established as 1-hydroxymethyl-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline-N-oxide (1) by spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Fiber charge characteristics of pulp suspension containing aluminum sulfate

Fiber charge characteristics of pulp suspensions containing aluminum sulfate were investigated with relation to adsorption behavior of aluminum components on the pulp fibers by streaming potential measurement using a particle charge detector, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. When aluminum sulfate was added to a pulp suspension prepared using deionized water, a streaming potential of the suspension went from negative to slightly negative according to the adsorption of aluminum components on the pulp fibers. Subsequent addition of a dilute NaOH solution to the suspension drastically cationized the fibers in the pH range of around 5 by predominant and homogeneous adsorption of cationic aluminum complexes on the fiber surfaces. However, the aluminum flocs that formed heterogeneously on the fiber surfaces at higher pH by further alkali addition made nearly no contribution to cationization of the fibers, although the abundant aluminum components were retained in the pulp sheets. Therefore, only aluminum cations adsorbed uniformly on the fiber surfaces perform well to control the charge properties of the pulp fibers at the wet end; and the preferential aluminum adsorption behavior on the fiber surfaces, by utilizing the required amounts of hydroxyl ions, probably accounts for the effective cationization of the fibers under acidic to neutral papermaking conditions.This research was presented in part at the presymposium of the International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Seoul, June 1999; at the International Symposium on Environmentally Friendly and Emerging Technologies for a Sustainable Pulp and Paper Industry, Taipei, April 2000; and at the 2000 annual meeting of the Society of Fiber Science and Technology, Japan, Kyoto, June 2000     

Changes in water distribution in heartwood along stem axes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>

 Three-dimensional distribution of water in the heartwood of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don was observed by soft X-ray photography. The within-tree variation in the distribution of “wet areas” (water-accumulated areas in heartwood) was enormous, as was the variation among trees. Although we found no universal pattern of changes in wet area distributions along the stem axes of all trees, similarities among individual trees within each cultivar and clone were observed. The difference between the two kinds of wetwood in C. japonica – genetically defined wetwood and secondarily induced wetwood – is discussed, as is the use of soft X-ray photography in Japanese tree breeding programs. Received: December 21, 2001 / Accepted: May 1, 2002 Part of this paper was presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, Japan, April 1996 Correspondence to:R. Nakada     

一锅反应连同水热合成法合成两种配位化合物及结构表征

目的：合成金属－有机配位化合物。方法：通过环保经济的一锅反应,用水热合成法合成两种金属－有机配位化合物,1号：[四（吡唑）－铜（Ⅱ）],2号：[四（咪唑）－铜（Ⅱ）]。这两种金属－有机配位化合物的结构先通过单晶X射线衍射分析得到单晶数据,然后通过SHELXL软件解析,元素分析,核磁共振波谱分析和红外光谱分析。结果：单晶X －射线结构测定表明,1号晶体结构单元是由四个吡唑分子和一个铜（Ⅱ）阳离子构成,2号晶体是由四个咪唑分子和一个铜（Ⅱ）阳离子构成。结论：结构和光谱学分析表明,每个配位化合物分子都是由四个给电子基团和一个金属阳离子配位络合形成的,然后所有分子通过非共价键聚集在一起,形成一个个紧密的结构单元,之后在空间上扩展,从而形成了稳定的三围网络结构。这两种晶体结构相似,二者的空间群都是单斜P。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱法(PXRF)在矿区农田土壤 重金属快速检测中的应用研究

针对我国普遍存在的土壤重金属污染问题,迫切需要开展土壤重金属的快速检测与评价方法研究。本文采用便携式X射线荧光光谱法(PXRF)和传统实验室方法对云南会泽铅锌矿区农田土壤As、Pb、Cu和Zn进行测定,分析了PXRF法的应用效果。结果表明:1PXRF法测定的精密度与准确度满足我国农田土壤环境质量检测技术规范中规定的仪器检测要求;2土壤As、Pb、Cu和Zn的PXRF法测定值与传统实验室测定值具有良好的一致性,Pb、Cu和Zn的决定性系数均大于0.70;3基于PXRF法原位测定、PXRF法异位测定和传统实验室测定结果的研究区土壤As、Pb、Cu和Zn具有相似的空间分布规律。可见,PXRF法可用于矿区周边农田土壤As、Pb、Cu和Zn的快速检测、污染筛查与评价。     

微尺度重金属土壤化学研究进展与展望

土壤重金属污染是我国面临的重要生态环境问题,有效管控与修复重金属污染土壤有必要弄清重金属与土壤固相组分的作用机制。土壤组成多样、结构复杂、空间异质,加之土壤团聚体粒径大小不一,形成微观结构和表面性质各异的土壤微域,控制着重金属的形态转化及生物有效性。因此,深入认识微尺度的重金属土壤化学对于预测和管控土壤重金属环境化学行为至关重要。同步辐射X射线微探针(Microprobe)、X射线扫描透射显微术(STXM)及纳米二次离子质谱技术(Nano SIMS)等技术具有微纳米级空间分辨率,为在环境意义尺度上探究微尺度重金属土壤化学提供了独特的支撑平台。本文从环境土壤化学发展历程及当前发展瓶颈、现代微尺度分析技术及其在微尺度重金属土壤化学中的应用进展等方面综述,并对该领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

Reconstruction of Pinus Sylvestris knots using measurable log features in the Swedish Pine Stem Bank

Abstract

The objective of this study was to develop a method for reconstruction of parametrically described whorls and knots from data possible to extract from industrial scanning of logs, using X-ray scanners. The method was conceived using the logs in the Swedish Pine Stem Bank as a foundation, and was based on a few predictor features extracted from these logs; namely whorl volume, distance between whorls and distance between pith and surface. These features were not measured in images but calculated from existing parameterised knots. Simulated test sawing shows that the reconstruction method results in a representative model of the knot structure in the log, when considering the grade distribution of the sawn timber produced by the simulation program. The results of this study could, for instance, be used for improved online quality predictions at sawmills. One step in this direction is to use industrial X-ray data to enlarge the amount of log data available for sawing simulation research. Future work can, therefore, focus on developing a practical application of the results presented here.     

Physical aspects of the biopolymer matrix in wheat bran and its dissected layers

The objectives of this work were to 1) determine the physical structure of untreated wheat bran and the differences in physical structure between its dissected layers; 2) evaluate how bran hydration affected bran crystallinity and polymer order; and 3) determine how enzymatic treatment of wheat bran affected its physical structure. For the first time, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CP/MAS NMR), and polarized light microscopy with a waveplate were used to study the physical structure of wheat bran and its dissected layers. The XRD and solid-state ¹³C CP/MAS NMR both confirmed the presence of crystalline cellulose in untreated bran, enzymatically treated bran, and dissected bran layers. The outer pericarp had the highest crystallinity of the dissected bran layers and showed negative birefringence. The aleurone layer was low in cellulose content and completely amorphous, yet the cell walls in the aleurone layer showed strong positive birefringence. The treatment of destarched and deproteinated bran with the Updegraff reagent removed amorphous material, leaving its crystalline cellulose structure intact. Hydration of the outer pericarp increased its crystallinity index and CP/MAS NMR resonance intensity, which indicated a possible increase in polymer order. The SAXS also confirmed that cell wall polymers, possibly aggregated cellulose microfibrils, increased in order as a result of hydration.