鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝的CT特征及临床意义

对经病理证实累及翼腭窝的３０例鼻咽癌及对正常和异常翼腭窝的ＣＴ表现的分析结果表明：翼腭窝受侵犯的主要ＣＴ特征为：（１）翼腭窝填塞与窝腔增宽；（２）翼腭窝周壁有骨质破坏。对其临床意义作了讨论。     

Dietary energy restriction and successful weight loss in obese client-owned dogs

BACKGROUND: Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs. Although weight loss by dietary caloric energy restriction is successful in experimental studies, there is limited information on success of such programs in client-owned dogs who are obese. Further, no information currently exists on the changes in body composition during weight loss in clinical cases. HYPOTHESIS: Key determinants of outcome of weight loss, including energy allocation and body composition, are influenced by both individual and weight program factors. ANIMALS: Nineteen client-owned dogs with naturally occurring obesity. METHODS: In this prospective clinical study, body composition was quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after weight loss on an individually tailored program that incorporated a high-protein and moderate-fiber diet. RESULTS: Mean percentage weight loss was 18% (range, 6-29%), and mean rate of weight loss was 0.85% per week (range, 0.35-1.56%). Mean energy allocation required to achieve weight loss was 60% of maintenance energy requirement at target weight (MERTW) (range, 50-82%). Significant dietary noncompliance was reported (mean, 1.0% MERTW; range, 0.0-9.5%). The mean composition of tissue lost was 84: 15:1 (fat : lean : bone mineral content [BMC]). Lean tissue loss was positively associated with overall percentage of weight loss (Pearson correlation coefficient [Rp] = 0.591, P = .008), whereas BMC loss was greater in retrievers compared with other breeds (1.9% +/- 1.16% versus 0.8% +/- 0.44%; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This clinical study demonstrated body composition changes during weight loss in dogs. Conventional programs produced safe weight loss, but marked energy restriction was required and the rate of loss was slower than in experimental studies.     

The configuration of the Cu(2+) binding region in full-length human prion protein compared with the isolated octapeptide

The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a copper binding protein. The molecular features of the Cu(2+) binding sites have been investigated and characterized by spectroscopic experiments on PrP(C)-derived peptides and the correctly folded human full-length PrP(C) (hPrP-[23-231]). These experiments allowed us to distinguish two different configurations of copper binding. The different copper complexes depend on sequence context, buffer conditions and stoichiometry of copper. The combined information of spectroscopic data from our EXAFS, EPR and ENDOR experiments was used to create models for these two copper complexes. A large number of conformations of these models were calculated using molecular mechanics computations, and the simulated spectra of these structures were compared with our experimental data. Common features and differences of the copper binding motifs are discussed in this paper and it remains for future investigations to study whether different configurations are associated with different functional states of PrP(C).     

Use of soil nonexchangeable potassium by paddy rice with clay structural changes under long-term fertilizer management

To prove the hypothesis that paddy rice utilizes soil nonexchangeable potassium (neK) and causes associated structural changes in clay minerals, K status and clay mineralogy of 22 surface soils from three paddy fields under long-term fertilizer management for 51–93 years were investigated. Soil neK content was determined as the difference between 1 mol L⁻¹ hot HNO₃ extractable K and 1 mol L⁻¹ ammonium acetate exchangeable K. Clay mineralogy was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The radiocesium interception potential (RIP), an index of frayed edge sites in the interlayer sites of 2:1 type clay minerals, was also determined. The neK contents under the -K and NPK treatments were considerably lower than those under the unfertilized treatment in all the fields, indicating the exploitation of soil neK by rice. XRD analysis of the clay samples revealed 7% shift from the 1.0 peak to 1.4 nm one under the -K treatment compared with the unfertilized one, and the amounts of neK were negatively correlated with those of RIP (p < .01), suggesting the expansion of interlayer spaces of the 2:1 type phyllosilicates such as mica due to the release of neK. In addition, the neK content positively correlated with K balance of the long-term experiments (p < .05). The differences of neK between unfertilized K and -K treatments corresponded to 22–157 kg K ha⁻¹, or 0.42–1.68 kg K ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In conclusion, utilization of considerable amount of soil neK under K depleted conditions should be considered to establish sustainable K management for paddy rice.     

基于便携式X射线荧光光谱速测的设施菜地土壤重金属污染诊断与评价

土壤重金属污染快速诊断与评价是污染防控与风险管理的前提。以广东省典型设施蔬菜产地土壤为研究对象,采用便携式X射线荧光光谱法(portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, PXRF)原位快速获取土壤重金属（镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镍（Ni）及汞（Hg））含量,在传统实验室方法验证PXRF的准确性和稳定性的基础上,对广东省设施菜地表层土壤重金属的污染状况进行快速诊断,并对土壤重金属污染风险进行评价。结果表明：(1) 异位PXRF法对土壤Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、As及Ni的测定值与传统实验室方法测定值极显著相关(P<0.01),土壤Pb和As含量的PXRF原位测定值与传统实验室方法测定值极显著相关(P<0.01);(2) 土壤含水量为150 g?kg-1~200 g?kg-1时,Cr、Pb、Zn和As的PXRF原位测定值与实验室测定值的相关性达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);(3) 土壤Cd和Cu的超标现象较为突出,其点位超标率分别为20.9%和10.0%。设施菜地土壤Cd的平均含量为0.21 mg?kg-1,约为露天农田土壤的1.2倍。珠江三角洲地区设施土壤中各重金属的含量整体较其他地区高;(4) 土壤Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、As、Ni及Hg的单项污染指数均小于1,由高到低依次为Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr>As>Ni>Hg,内梅罗综合污染指数的均值为0.69。就整体平均值而言,土壤重金属污染程度处于清洁水平。PXRF实现了广东省设施菜地土壤重金属污染的快速诊断,并快速识别出Cd和Cu为设施菜地污染风险较高的潜在污染元素,研究结果可为设施农业土壤重金属污染快速诊断与评价提供方法和数据支撑。     

Organic carbon enables the biotic engineering of beneficial soil structure in Profundihumic and Haplic Ferralsols

We investigated how organic matter may, directly and indirectly, modify the porosity of Ferralsols, that is, deeply weathered soils of the tropics and subtropics. Although empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that organic matter accumulation may increase porosity, a mechanistic understanding of the processes underlying this beneficial effect is lacking, especially so for Ferralsols. To achieve our end, we leveraged the fact that the Profundihumic qualifier of Ferralsols (PF) is distinguished from Haplic Ferralsols (HF) by both a much larger average carbon content in the first 1 m of soil depth (19 kg C m⁻³ in PF vs. 10 kg C m⁻³ in HF) and a significantly lower bulk density (1.05 ± 0.08 kg L⁻¹ in PF vs. 1.21 ± 0.05 kg L⁻¹ in HF). Through exhaustive modelling of carbon – bulk density relationships, we demonstrate that the lower bulk density of PF cannot be satisfactorily explained by a simple dilution effect. Rather, we found that bulk density correlated with carbon content when combined with carbon: nitrogen ratio (r² = 0.51), black carbon content (r² = 0.75), and Δ¹⁴C (r² = 0.81). Total pore space was greater in PF (61 ± 3%) than in HF (55 ± 2%), but x-ray computed tomography revealed that pore space inside soil aggregates of 4–5 mm diameter does not vary between the studied Ferralsols. We further observed nearly twice as many roots and burrows in PF compared with HF. We thus infer that the mechanism responsible for the increase in porosity is most likely an enhancement of resource availability (e.g., energy, carbon, and nutrients) for the organisms (earthworms, ants, termites, etc.) that physically displace soil particles and promote soil aggregation. As a result of increased resource availability, soil organisms can create especially the mesoscale structural soil features necessary for unrestricted water flow and rapid gas exchange. This insight paves the way for the development of land management technologies to optimize the physical shape and capacity of the soil bioreactor.     

A neighborhood median weighted fuzzy c-means method for soil pore identification

Complex soil pore geometry and heterogeneity determines the ability of a soil to retain moisture and conduction. These soil properties are widely recognized as key factors of essential ecological functions and services. However, until recently, the existing pore identification methods have the problems of low identification accuracy and operating efficiency, which has restricted the development of soil science. The objective of this study was to propose a neighborhood median weighted fuzzy c-means method based on grayscale-gradient feature (NMFCM-G) to identify soil pore structure automatically and accurately. By combining three-dimensional (3D) printing technology with X-ray computed tomography technology, a 3D simulation model with known aperture (10-cm inner diameter) was adopted to evaluate the pore identification error rate of the NMFCM-G method quantitatively. Compared to the methods commonly applied in previous studies, the NMFCM-G method had the smallest average area relative error (2.98%), which was only 1/6 of that of the Image J method with the largest area relative error (18.46%). The NMFCM-G method also had the smallest average perimeter (5.46%), about 3/5 of that of the Image-Pro Plus method with the largest perimeter relative error (8.35%). Meanwhile, the NMFCM-G method was successfully tested on undisturbed cylindrical soil samples, providing encouraging results in terms of identifying irregular pore structure from the complex hierarchical organization of soil. The results show that the NMFCM-G method had the smallest distribution entropy (0.81), the smallest inter-class correlation (0.164 0), and the largest distribution coefficient (0.11), which proves that the NMFCM-G method performed the best in identifying different soil pore structures. Overall, the NMFCM-G method provides new insights into identifying pore structures and thus could provide an automatic and high-efficiency technique for studying the effects of tillage and freeze-thaw cycles on pore structure and soil quality in the future.     

Burrow systems of endogeic earthworms: Effects of earthworm abundance and consequences for soil water infiltration

By creating burrows, earthworms influence the transfer properties of soils. The effects of endogeic species on soil transfer properties, however, are not yet well understood because these earthworms generally create burrows that are refilled by casts and have no preferential vertical orientation. Thirty soil cores were incubated for various periods (1–3 or 4 weeks) at different earthworm densities (70, 210, 345 or 480 individuals m⁻²). The cores were then scanned using X-ray tomography and the burrow systems were characterised by measuring the total burrow volume, bioturbation volume (refilled burrows and lateral compaction around the burrows), the number of branches, tortuosity and continuity (assessed by computing the number of burrows with a vertical extension greater than 15, 20 and 25% of the core). We also computed the mean geodesic distance, i.e. the mean distance from the bottom to the top of the core assuming that distances inside burrows are null. Rainfall simulations were carried out on 17 cores chosen to encompass the variations observed in the burrow systems. The water transfer efficiency of each core was estimated by measuring two parameters: breakthrough volume and the percentage of water transmitted after 1 h of rain. Burrow and bioturbation volume increased significantly and steadily with time and earthworm density. We estimated that on average Allolobophora chlorotica burrowed 22 cm per week. All other burrow system characteristics also increased with time and earthworm density except the mean geodesic distance, which decreased significantly. This suggests that intraspecific interactions had no significant effect on burrow system geometry. Univariate PLS regressions were used to understand which burrow system characteristics had the strongest influence on water transfer. These regressions showed that the mean geodesic distance was the most important parameter. This means that in addition to individual burrow characteristics, the spatial arrangement of the whole burrow system also had a major effect on transfer properties.     

小麦淀粉的超高压糊化研究

5%的小麦淀粉悬浮液在400MPa、450MPa、500MPa、550MPa压力下处理5min后,再经过干燥处理,所得到的样品用偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射技术对其进行测定,结果表明:经450MPa压力作用后,小麦淀粉已经发生了明显的溶胀;500MPa及其更高的压力作用后,小麦淀粉已经被完全糊化;常温下5%浓度时,小麦淀粉的糊化压力范围为400～500MPa.