小麦组织培养研究进展

小麦组织培养体系的建立与完善是应用植物基因工程改良小麦品质的重要基础和保证。对不同小麦外植体(幼胚、幼穗、成熟胚、幼叶、根、种子、花药、胚轴和胚芽鞘等)通过不同组培体系最终获得再生植株的研究进展进行了综述。     

小麦对赤霉病抗性鉴定指标的探讨

连续3年用单花注滴法接种,考察了穗轴发病时间、病小穗数和穗轴病节片数3个抗性指标。结果表明,病小穗数这一指标能较明确地划分出高抗、中抗、感病3种类型,且稳定性最好。以病小穗数作为主要的抗病性鉴定指标,再参考穗轴病节片数,对小麦品种抗病性的评价及育种材料抗病性的鉴定较为准确、实用。     

江苏淮南麦区小麦品种观察比较试验

为了解不同类型品种在江苏淮南麦区不同播期条件下对环境气候的适应性,选用了江苏淮北麦区推广的‘淮麦22’,‘烟农19’和‘郑9023’等3个品种以及淮南麦区推广的‘扬麦15’,‘扬麦16’,‘扬麦13’,‘扬麦11’,‘宁麦13’和‘镇麦166’等6个品种进行了分期观察比较。结果表明,各品种均以适期（10月28日）播种的综合性状表现较好,研究结果认为早熟品种‘扬麦11’和中熟品种‘扬麦16’综合性状表现较好,它们穗大、粒多、千粒重高、抗病性亦较好,比较适宜淮南麦区气候特点。     

青海高原小麦千粒重与生理形态的相关性

小麦千粒重与平均净同化率和光合势呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．４１５＾＊,ｒ＝０．５０７＾＊）,与平均灌浆速度,充实指数和穗下茎维管刺数量呈级显著正相关（ｒ＝０．６０４＾＊＊,ｒ＝０．８２９＾＊＊,ｒ＝０．６３５＾＊＊）。籽粒最大体积与平均净化同化率呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８６８＾＊＊）,与穗下茎维管束数量呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．５２３＾＊）。充实指数与平均灌浆速度呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８５２＾＊＊）。     

不同冻藏温度对速冻冬枣品质的影响

[目的]为研究冻藏期间冬枣品质的变化。[方法]利用-70℃对冬枣进行速冻后,采用-40℃、-18℃、-10℃和-4℃进行冻藏,就不同冻藏时期冬枣的品质特性变化进行研究。[结果]-70℃速冻后,合适的冻藏温度为-18℃和-40℃,-40℃冻藏能使冬枣的保鲜期10个月以上,而-18℃冻藏能保鲜冬枣6个月以上。[结论]速冻冻藏能有效维持冬枣的品质特性,如延缓含水量、可溶性糖、维生素C和有机酸含量的下降,保持较高的硬度和延缓花青素含量的升高。     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分及其与面条品质的关系

 采用新的蛋白质组分分离方法,对黄淮部分冬麦区25个小麦品种籽粒的单体蛋白含量、可溶性谷蛋白含量、不溶性谷蛋白含量进行了分析,同时对各蛋白质组分与其它蛋白质指标、面条品质的关系进行了研究。结果发现,黄淮冬麦区小麦的平均单体蛋白、可溶性谷蛋白和不溶性谷蛋白的比例为3.7∶1.0∶1.8;与有关文献比较,分析样品的单体蛋白含量偏低,可溶性谷蛋白含量偏高,不溶性谷蛋白含量较低,这可能就是面包小麦和面条小麦在蛋白质组成上的本质区别。单体蛋白对于面条拉伸特性作用小于谷蛋白。可溶性谷蛋白含量、不溶性谷蛋白含量与其它蛋白质     

氮磷钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响

为明确不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响,以济麦22为供试材料,设置F0（不施肥）、F1（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）、F2（N 225 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）和F3（N 270 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 165 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）4个施肥量处理,比较分析开花后不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦叶面积指数、冠层不同层次光截获特性和成熟期干物质分配的影响。结果表明,F1处理下叶面积指数显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异;开花后15 d,F1处理下小麦冠层不同层次及总PAR截获率和截获量均显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。F1处理下成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官中的分配量、籽粒中的分配量及总干物质积累量显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官和籽粒中的分配量以及总干物质积累量与冠层上层（顶部至株高2/3）、中层（株高2/3至株高1/3）和总PAR截获率均呈显著正相关。F1处理（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

Over 40% of 450 registered wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) worldwide are composed of multiple biotypes

Many of 450 common wheat cultivars bred and registered during the twentieth century in 12 countries were proved, due to seed-by-seed analysis, to be composed of two or more biotypes differing in their alleles at the gliadin (Gli) loci. These multiple biotypes may be regarded as authentic progeny of the respective parent lines, as evidenced by the gliadin composition of the respective parents. Therefore, the official claim for each cultivar to be uniform is commonly not maintained in practice. The most frequent was a non-uniform cultivar composed of two biotypes differing at one Gli locus, but there were cultivars represented by a large set of related genotypes differing at several Gli loci. The proportion of the multi-biotype cultivars was never less than 15% for a country collection, exceeding 50% in other countries. This proportion differed significantly between neighbouring countries. In Australia, all multi-biotype cultivars were found in eastern states; in the state of Victoria, their frequency was statistically higher than in the rest of the country. The proportion of multi-biotype cultivars among newly-released cultivars decreased with time in Australia and the UK. Thus, the non-uniformity of registered cultivars represents a general and important phenomenon of common wheat as a crop.     

抗旱节水型衡麦系列品种的选育方法及系谱分析

为探讨抗旱节水小麦的定向培育方法,对抗旱节水型衡麦系列品种选育过程进行了总结和分析。多年来河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所围绕"节水抗旱、抗逆高产、广适稳产、优质早熟"的育种目标,着眼解决地下水资源极度匮乏与农业生产矛盾突出的问题,为培育抗旱节水型广适小麦品种,利用常规育种技术与分子标记检测手段,广泛筛选遗传背景远缘且生态差异较大的优异亲本组配组合,创新采用不同世代水旱交替双向综合选择技术,先后育成16个抗旱节水型小麦品种,提高了选择效率和水资源利用率。在系谱上,衡观35等为代表的衡麦系列品种与蚂蚱麦、碧玉麦和洛夫林10号存在一定的血缘关系,且含有对光周期不敏感的Ppd-Dla等优异基因。这些品种目前已由冀中南冬麦区推广至黄淮冬麦区(南、北片)、北部冬麦区(天津)和长江中下游冬麦区(湖北襄阳)等区域种植,展示出生态广适、节水稳产的特点。     

Amylolysis of wheat starches. I. Digestion kinetics of starches with varying functional properties

The susceptibility of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starches to hydrolysis by pancreatic α-amylase in vitro was investigated using a series of 35 starches with slightly enriched amylose content within a narrow range (36–43%), but widely differing functional properties. After 2 h of incubation with α-amylase, native starch granules were digested to different extents, but there were no differences between any of the starches once they were gelatinized. Cooling the starch for 72 h at 4 °C after cooking reduced the susceptibility of all of the starches to enzymic digestion by a similar extent, whereas addition of monopalmitin decreased the digestibility of the starches that contained amylose, but did not affect the digestibility of waxy starches that were also included in the study. Amylopectin chain length distribution of partly digested starch granules displayed increased proportion of short and medium chains and decreased proportion of long chains in comparison to native granules. Separated large (A) and small (B) starch granules from three of the starches differed significantly in their susceptibility to in-vitro digestion. A predictive model of the susceptibility of starch in the different forms was developed from the physico-chemical and functional properties of the starches.