基于多目标粒子群的土地整理项目选址模型

土地整理项目选址实质上是一个多目标空间优化问题,将传统选址方法用于解决多目标土地整理项目选址存在明显不足。该文提出了一种基于多目标粒子群的土地整理项目选址模型,归纳了土地整理项目选址的选址规则,提取3个能够体现土地整理项目选址目的及意义的目标函数,即新增耕地潜力最高、空间分区集中连片、土地适宜性评价指数最高,同时考虑了土地整理项目最小新增耕地率、实施规模2类约束条件,并详细阐述了算法的核心思想、矢量编码策略、状态更新机制等内容,最后选取湖北省嘉鱼县为试验区,验证了模型的可行性和有效性,结果表明通过对目标的权重调控可以得到不同目标偏好的土地整理项目选址方案,该文所构建模型在土地整理实践中具有可操作性,提供的选址方案科学合理,为土地利用规划和土地利用调控管理提供支持。     

基于半方差函数与等别的耕地质量监测样点优化布设方法

耕地的数量和质量在维护国家安全、社会稳定方面具有举足轻重的作用。该文以浙江省耕地质量监测试点松阳县为例,探讨县级尺度的耕地质量监测样点的布设方法。选择自然等指数的均方差和绝对偏差计算在允许误差范围内监测样点的样本容量;采用地统计学半方差函数分析耕地质量的变异情况,利用自然等指数的变异特征与规律实现监测样点的预布设;重点分析耕地质量等别、分等因素、耕地质量潜在变化区域的空间分布,结合等别组合的空间分布特征对预布设的监测样点进行优化,得到40个监测样点。研究成果提高了监测样点的精度、代表性、科学性,方法易操作推广,具有很好的应用价值,能为耕地质量监测的管理工作提供参考。     

松嫩高平原黑土区耕地资源安全的驱动机制分析

为了深入剖析影响区域耕地资源安全驱动因子的作用机理,研究区域耕地资源安全驱动机制。该文以松嫩高平原黑土区巴彦县为例,运用Matlab编程,采用遗传算法对神经网络模型进行改进,结合相关分析法,识别影响耕地资源安全的关键性因子及其与之相关的因子,应用多元回归分析和完全二次回归分析方法,阐明影响因子间的协同作用关系,进而揭示其对耕地资源安全影响的作用机理和驱动机制。结果表明：1）影响研究区耕地资源安全的协同作用关系中,不同影响因子间的协同作用正向和负向交互进行,且不同因子间协同作用大小也不尽相同;2）影响研究区耕地资源安全的自然因素、社会经济因素、生态因素中,自然因素对研究区耕地资源安全起促进作用,社会经济因素和生态因素起抑制作用,且社会经济因素对研究区耕地资源安全的抑制作用最强,生态因素的抑制作用次之;3）在主要影响因子中,土壤质地对耕地资源安全的促进作用最强,pH 值次之,黑土层厚度的促进作用最弱,而高程对耕地资源安全抑制作用最强,水土流失量仅次之,氟的抑制作用最弱。该研究成果可为黑土区耕地资源保护及耕地资源的合理利用提供参考。     

水稻生产改为蔬菜或葡萄栽培对土壤养分的影响研究——以浙江富阳为例

以浙江杭州郊区为例,研究了土地利用方式变化对土壤养分的影响,以期对土地利用方式的选择提供借鉴。选取当地3种典型的土地利用方式变化类型,调查由传统水稻生产改为种植高经济收益的芦笋、葡萄或芥菜后不同年限对土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明,水稻田改种芦笋后,除铵态氮以外,土壤表层中的其他养分（有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾）浓度均显著提高（P〈0．05）;全氮、全钾以及硝态氮的增幅延续到剖面深层。其他两种类型的土地利用方式变化也有相似规律,其中有效态养分增幅更为明显。土地利用方式变化对养分分布也有一定的影响,水稻田改种芦笋后全氮和全钾的浓度增加最为显著,而改种葡萄后变化最大的养分是速效钾,改种芥菜后土壤硝态氮上升更显著。因此,水稻田转变成种植其他经济作物会引起土壤表层乃至剖面深层养分浓度的增加,可能造成农业面源污染,易引起养分流失和导致水体富营养化。     

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus on Winter Wheat Grain Yield,Phosphorus Uptake,and Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

One would expect foliar applied phosphorus (P) to have higher use efficiencies than when applied to the soil, but limited information is available concerning this. Experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine the effect of foliar applications of P on winter wheat grain yields, P uptake, and use efficiency. Twelve treatments containing varying foliar P rates (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg ha^{? 1} in 2002 and 2003 and additional 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg ha^{? 1} in 2004) with and without pre-plant rates of 30 kg ha^{? 1} were evaluated. Foliar applications of P at Feekes 7 generally increased grain yields and P uptake versus no foliar P. Use efficiency was higher when P was applied at Feekes 10.54. Results from this study suggested that low rates of foliar applied P might correct mid-season P deficiency in winter wheat, and that might result in higher P use efficiencies.     

Tillage and the environment in sub-tropical Australia—Tradeoffs and challenges

Tillage is defined here in a broad sense, including disturbance of the soil and crop residues, wheel traffic and sowing opportunities. In sub-tropical, semi-arid cropping areas in Australia, tillage systems have evolved from intensively tilled bare fallow systems, with high soil losses, to reduced and no tillage systems. In recent years, the use of controlled traffic has also increased. These conservation tillage systems are successful in reducing water erosion of soil and sediment-bound chemicals. Control of runoff of dissolved nutrients and weakly sorbed chemicals is less certain. Adoption of new practices appears to have been related to practical and economic considerations, and proved to be more profitable after a considerable period of research and development. However there are still challenges. One challenge is to ensure that systems that reduce soil erosion, which may involve greater use of chemicals, do not degrade water quality in streams. Another challenge is to ensure that systems that improve water entry do not increase drainage below the crop root zone, which would increase the risk of salinity. Better understanding of how tillage practices influence soil hydrology, runoff and erosion processes should lead to better tillage systems and enable better management of risks to water quality and soil health. Finally, the need to determine the effectiveness of in-field management practices in achieving stream water quality targets in large, multi-land use catchments will challenge our current knowledge base and the tools available.     

Effects of tilling no-till soil on losses of atrazine and glyphosate to runoff water under variable intensity simulated rainfall

Herbicides released through agricultural activities to surface waters and drinking water systems represent a risk to human and environmental health, as well as a cost to municipalities for removal. This study focuses on the viability of glyphosate tolerant cropping systems as an alternative to atrazine-based systems, and the impact of tilling historically no-till ground on the runoff pollution potential of these systems. Variable intensity field rainfall simulations were performed on 2 m long × 1 m wide plots within a field in first-year disk and harrow following no-till (CT), and within a long-term no-tilled (NT) field, both treated with atrazine and glyphosate according to label. Rainfall sequence was: 50 mm h⁻¹ for 50 min followed by 75 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min, 25 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min, and 100 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min. Runoff was collected at regular time intervals during two simulated rainfall events and analyzed for herbicide concentration, sediment content, and volume. Maximum glyphosate concentration in runoff was 233 μg L⁻¹ for NT and 180 μg L⁻¹ for CT (approximately 33% and 26% of the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) for glyphosate (700 μg L⁻¹), respectively, while maximum atrazine concentrations in runoff was 303 μg L⁻¹ for NT and 79 μg L⁻¹ for CT (approximately 100 times and 26 times the atrazine MCL (3 μg L⁻¹)). Atrazine concentration and loading were significantly higher in runoff from NT plots than from CT plots, whereas glyphosate concentration and loading were impacted by tillage treatment to a much lesser degree. Results suggest that glyphosate-based weed management may represent a lower drinking water risk than atrazine-based weed management, especially in NT systems.     

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.     

基于植被覆盖率的农村居民点整理潜力估算及实证

为合理估算农村居民点整理潜力,该文提出基于植被覆盖率的农村居民点整理潜力测算新思路。借助植被覆盖率对农村居民点斑块进行分类,通过分析抽样农村居民点斑块的植被覆盖与内部用地结构得到整理潜力修正系数,从而建立基于植被覆盖率修正的农村居民点整理潜力估算模型,并以北京市门头沟区为例展开实证研究。研究结果表明,门头沟区无整理潜力的农村居民点占大多数,具有整理潜力的农村居民点主要集中在经济相对落后的乡镇,并且这部分农村居民点多远离主干道;山区具有中、高整理潜力的农村居民点略多于平原、浅山区,而低整理潜力的农村居民点明显多于平原、浅山区;门头沟区规划整理的农村居民点内部包含有大量农用地,其中建设用地比例只占63.19%～71.54%,但是,第二次土地调查将整个农村居民点都作为建设用地调绘;因而,一些不考虑植被覆盖修正的农村居民点整理潜力测算方法夸大了整理潜力,放大了城乡建设用地增减挂钩的效果。该文为进一步合理估算农村居民点整理理论潜力提供参考。