Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow’s rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans‐10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86 ± 41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NE_L). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans‐10‐16:1, cis‐9‐16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans‐11‐18:1, cis‐9‐18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, and 18:3n‐3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n‐6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans‐10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.     

不同品系高羊茅应答高温胁迫的初级代谢产物分析

为探讨高温对高羊茅初级代谢的影响,对耐热性不同的两个高羊茅基因型PI 578718(耐热)和PI 234881(热敏感),进行40℃/35℃(昼/夜各12 h)模拟高温胁迫21 d,分别于不同时间段取样测定生理以及代谢产物的变化。结果表明,在高温胁迫下,草坪质量、叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量、根系活力持续下降,电解质渗漏加剧,与耐热型基因型相比,热敏感基因型各生理指标变化更明显。通过GC-MS分析,检测并鉴定了25种初级代谢产物,主要包括有机酸和脂肪酸(9种)、氨基酸(9种)、糖类和糖醇(7种),其中氨基酸(如脯氨酸、缬氨酸、谷氨酸)、糖类(如蔗糖)和糖醇(如肌醇)在叶片中大量积累,而有机酸和脂肪酸类(如柠檬酸、棕榈酸)在根系中大量积累。高温胁迫下叶片和根系中代谢产物如缬氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、蔗糖、肌醇、柠檬酸、棕榈酸含量的升高或维持,可能是耐热基因型PI 578718与热敏感基因型PI 234881之间耐热性差异的主要原因,而且柠檬酸作为抗氧化剂并参与呼吸作用的三羧酸循环途径,它的高积累,可能更有助于提高高羊茅对高温胁迫的耐性和适应性。     

Chemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse (Bauhinia malabarica Roxb)

Proximate and mineral composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acid profiles and antinutritional factors were analysed for the seeds of the tribal pulse,Bauhinia malabarica. The seeds contained higher amount of crude lipid when compared with most of the domesticated pulses. The seeds were rich in minerals like Ca, Mg and Fe. Glutelins (45%) constituted the major seed protein fraction followed by globulins which accounted for about 34%. Cystine and methionine were found to be the limiting essential amino acids; whereas tyrosine and phenylalanine content were fairly high when compared with WHO requirement pattern. The unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid, were predominant in seed lipids. Presence of antinutritional substances like total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity also were analysed/assayed.     

柞蚕胆绿素还原酶基因ApBVRB的克隆及表达分析

柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi)幼虫体壁颜色表现出高度多样性。胆绿素还原酶(biliverdin reductase B,BVRB)可催化血红素降解过程中产生的胆绿素还原成胆红素,参与昆虫体色形成。为明确BVRB在柞蚕幼虫体色形成中的作用,克隆柞蚕胆绿素还原酶基因ApBVRB,检测其mRNA表达水平,同时调查胆绿素还原酶的活性。ApBVRB编码205个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子质量为50.67 kD,等电点为5.15。氨基酸序列比对表明,ApBVRB与家蚕的黄素还原酶(flavin reductase,FR)具有75%的序列相似度。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,ApBVRB在柞蚕幼虫的所有受试组织器官中均表达,除丝腺外,青、黄体色幼虫之间的相对表达量并没有显著差异。酶活性检测发现,胆绿素还原酶活性在青、黄蚕的血淋巴和丝腺中有极显著差异,推测可能由于血淋巴中该酶活性的差异而导致柞蚕幼虫表现为青、黄2种体色。     

Blood Biochemical and Ruminal Liquor Profile in Buffaloes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bubalus bubalis</Emphasis>) Showing Omasal Impaction

The blood biochemical and ruminal fluid parameters of 5 buffaloes showing omasal impaction were studied, together with 10 healthy buffaloes as control. The diseased buffaloes had significantly higher serum aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, globulin and fibrinogen levels and significantly lower plasma calcium, potassium and chloride concentrations than the controls. The ruminal liquor of the diseased buffaloes revealed characteristic physical, chemical and microbial changes and had significantly higher methylene blue reduction time and ammonia-nitrogen level.     

家蚕和野桑蚕酚氧化酶原基因的组织表达差异比较

酚氧化酶在昆虫体液免疫反应中起着非常重要的作用。根据GenBank中登录的家蚕和野桑蚕酚氧化酶原基因cDNA序列设计特异引物,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测了家蚕和野桑蚕各组织中酚氧化酶原基因(PPO1和PPO2)的表达谱,发现该基因在家蚕和野桑蚕组织中的表达差异较大,且具有明显的组织特异性。家蚕PPO1基因只在血液中被检出有很高的表达,而野桑蚕PPO1基因在血液和头部中均有表达,且在血液中的表达量最高;PPO2基因在家蚕组织中的表达量从高至低顺序为血液、脂肪体、卵巢、头部、表皮、精巢、中肠和丝腺,而在野桑蚕组织中的表达量从高至低顺序为血液、头部、中肠、表皮、精巢、卵巢和脂肪体,在丝腺中没有被检出有表达。推测可能是由于起源于野桑蚕的家蚕在长期的驯化及人工选择过程中引起了酚氧化酶原基因功能的变化。     

Serotype- and virulence-associated gene profile of Streptococcus suis isolates from pig carcasses in Chiang Mai Province,Northern Thailand

In this present study, the serotype of 40 Streptococcus suis isolates from submaxillary glands of pig carcasses sold in wet markets in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, was investigated. Eleven serotypes, including types 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 21, 22 and 31, were found in the isolates by a Multiplex PCR combined with serum agglutination. Of the eleven serotypes present, type 3 was the most prevalent, while types 2, 4, 5 and 21 were of primary interest due to their human isolate serotype. The mrp+/epf − /sly − genotype was found to be the most prevalent genotype. This study indicates the importance of effective control of human S. suis infection due to raw pork or pig carcass handling in northern Thailand.     

Variations with Breed,Age, Season,Yield, Stage of Lactation and Herd in the Concentration of Urea in Bulk Milk and Individual Cow’s Milk

The concentration of urea in the milk of 510 dairy cows in 10 herds was determined at regular intervals for a year. The herds contained approximately equal numbers of Swedish Red and White, and Swedish Holstein cows. The mean ± sd concentration in the samples from individual cows was 5.32 ± 1.13 mmol/1, and the mean concentration in bulk milk was 5.39 ± 0.96 mmol/1. These values indicated that on average the herds were fed too much protein relative to their intake of energy throughout the year.Herd factors had a strong influence on the milk urea concentration. The concentration was lower during the first month of lactation than later in the lactation, and lower when the cows were housed during the winter than when they were grazing. There was a weak positive relationship between the daily milk yield and urea concentration, particularly during late lactation, but there was no relationship with either breed or age. Bulk milk urea was a reliable guide to the average urea concentration of a herd.     

衬砌配水渠道最优纵横断面优化设计

采用非线性模型 ,推荐田间混凝土衬砌渠道纵横断面的优化设计方法 ,且可节省大量投资。给出了详细的设计参数及应用实例 ,具有较强的实用性     

Carbon Dioxide in Arable Soil Profiles: A Comparison of Automated and Manual Measuring Systems

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations in arable soil profiles are influenced by autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration as well as soil physical properties that regulate gas transport. Although different methods have been used to assess dynamics of soil CO₂ concentrations, our understanding of the comparability of results obtained using different methods is limited. We therefore aimed to compare the dynamics in soil CO₂ concentrations obtained from an automated system (GMP343 sensors) to those from a manually operated measurement system (i.e., soil gas sampled using stainless steel needles and rods). In a winter wheat field in Denmark, soil CO₂ concentrations were measured from 29 November 2011 to 14 June 2012 at upslope and footslope positions of a short catena (25 m). Carbon dioxide was measured at 20- and 40-cm soil depths (i.e., within and below the nominal plow layer) using the two measurement systems. Within the measurement range for the GMP343 sensors (0–20,000 ppm), mean results from the two systems were similar within the plow layer at the upslope (P = 0.060) and footslope (P = 0.139) position, and also below the plow layer at the upslope position (P = 0.795). However, results from the two systems deviated for the soil from the footslope position below the plow layer (P = 0.001). These results were partly attributed to larger variation in soil parameters below than within the nominal plow layer. The data suggested that generally the application of either system may be adequate; however, differences may occur in response to soil spatial variability. A better coverage of spatial variability is more easily addressed using manually operated systems, whereas temporal variability can be covered using the automated system. Depending on the aim of the study, the two systems may be used in combination to enhance both spatial and temporal data coverage.