风波流对多平台阵列浮式风机Spar平台运动特性的影响

平台结构的稳定性是浮式风力机安全运行的最基础保障。为探究浮式风力机平台阵列的动态响应特性,该文提出一种3×3方阵排布的共用系泊系统多平台阵列方案,建立基于OC3-Hywind Spar Buoy平台的NREL 5 MW浮式风力机整机模型,通过辐射/绕射理论并结合有限元方法,分别研究并对比了单个平台和3×3方阵排布的多平台的动态响应特性。结果表明:浮式风力机Spar平台在纵荡、垂荡和纵摇方向响应均集中于低频波浪(波浪频率低于0.5 rad/s时);3×3方阵排布位于四顶点处的平台存在一定的横荡响应,响应范围约为?0.2~0.2 m,其余平台横荡响应可忽略不计;随着环境载荷的加剧,单平台纵荡响应急剧增大,响应范围由?0.25~0.25 m增大到?1.5~1.5 m,多平台时纵荡响应变化不明显,均保持在?1.5~1.5 m,同时,多平台纵摇响应明显低于单平台,验证了该文所提方案的有效,从而为未来海上风电场的建设提供了理论参考。     

组织行为与农产品质量安全技术扩散的耦合分析

组织化是提高产品质量水平的有效形式,安全技术的扩散使用是质量安全生产的基础。组织安全行为由质量安全保证行为、质量安全控制行为和质量安全管理行为共同组成,控制方式由契约控制和社会控制组成。组织控制方式和技术扩散之间存在互动关系,二者的耦合有助于质量安全技术的扩散。     

Hygiene-Eliciting Brood Semiochemicals as a Tool for Assaying Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Resistance to Varroa (Mesostigmata: Varroidae)

Despite numerous interventions, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman [Mesostigmata: Varroidae]) and the pathogens it vectors remain a primary threat to honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) health. Hygienic behavior, the ability to detect, uncap, and remove unhealthy brood from the colony, has been bred for selectively for over two decades and continues to be a promising avenue for improved Varroa management. Although hygienic behavior is expressed more in Varroa-resistant colonies, hygiene does not always confer resistance to Varroa. Additionally, existing Varroa resistance selection methods trade efficacy for efficiency, because those achieving the highest levels of Varroa resistance can be time-consuming, and thus expensive and impractical for apicultural use. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hygienic response to a mixture of semiochemicals associated with Varroa-infested honey bee brood can serve as an improved tool for predicting colony-level Varroa resistance. In support of our hypothesis, we demonstrated that a mixture of the compounds (Z)-10-tritriacontene, (Z)-8-hentriacontene, (Z)-8-heptadecene, and (Z)-6-pentadecene triggers hygienic behavior in a two-hour assay, and that high-performing colonies (hygienic response to ≥60% of treated cells) have significantly lower Varroa infestations, remove significantly more introduced Varroa, and are significantly more likely to survive the winter compared to low-performing colonies (hygienic response to <60% of treated cells). We discuss the relative efficacy and efficiency of this assay for facilitating apiary management decisions and selection of Varroa-resistant honey bees, as well as the relevance of these findings to honey bee health, pollination services, and social insect communication.     

Inter‐annual variability in amphibian assemblages: implications for diversity assessment and conservation

• 1. Diversity assessments and conservation management should take into account the dynamic nature of populations and communities, particularly when they are subject to highly variable and unpredictable environmental conditions.
• 2. This study evaluates the inter‐annual variability in the assemblage composition (temporal turnover) of an amphibian community breeding in a highly dynamic habitat, a Mediterranean temporary pond system, during a 4‐year period.
• 3. A comprehensive framework is provided to evaluate temporal turnover from data of a differing nature (species richness, presence/absence and relative abundance) and, especially, to discern variation in richness (species loss) from changes in the identity or abundance of species (species replacement).
• 4. Results show that the pond amphibian assemblages in Doñana National Park exhibited high inter‐annual variability during the study period, both in the number of species, species identity and their relative abundance. This result provides evidence for the inadequacy of surveys conducted only in one breeding season to characterize the species assemblage associated with a given pond. Besides, it suggests that a given pond offers different breeding opportunities over time, being suitable for different species depending on the year. This alternation will contribute to the medium‐term preservation of all species in the assemblage.
• 5. It is highly relevant to preserve the natural dynamism and spatial variability of temporary pond systems, which will favour the conservation of populations through their intrinsic variability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Effect of plant density in coupled aquaponics on the welfare status of African catfish,Clarias gariepinus

We investigated the effects of plant density on the welfare of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in coupled aquaponics over 85 days. The moderate density (mpd) of basil, Ocimum basilicum, was compared with the high density (hpd) and control (n = 0). The behavior was analyzed by visual and video observations, and after the application of induced stressors, skin injuries, blood glucose, lactate, and plasma cortisol responses were considered. The hpd fish showed the least activity (control: visual 77.8%, video 81.6%; mpd: 74.6%, 82.6%; hpd: 63.2% [p < 0.05], 78.8%). High agonistic behavior (control: 5, 131; mpd: 4, 57; hpd: 1, 45) and the highest number of injuries (control: 3.9; mpd: 2.9; hpd: 3.4) were observed in the control. Glucose and lactate levels did not differ significantly (control: 5.5, 2.6 mmol/L; mpd: 5.6, 2.7 mmol/L; hpd: 5.3, 2.6 mmol/L); however, cortisol levels did (control: 18.8 ng/mL, mpd: 19.9 ng/mL, hpd: 25.8 ng/mL). pH adjustment led to additional stress, resulting in temporal cortisol alterations. While in the control and mpd, low cortisol levels were followed by acute responses and downregulation, the hpd fish showed prior elevation and lagged an acute response. However, comparing injuries and behavioral patterns with control, aquaponics with high basil density influenced African catfish positively.     

注射多巴胺对中华绒螯蟹打斗行为的影响

选同一家系规格相似、健康有活力的中华绒螯蟹新品种“光合1号”1龄雄蟹100只,分为4组,放入直径20 cm、高40 cm PE管(底部均匀钻12个直径为5 mm的孔洞)中,PE管置于120 L水槽中。用2个不透明烧杯将2只中华绒螯蟹分别倒扣于试验容器中,置于PE管两侧1 h。在中华绒螯蟹第三步足的动脉膜中分别注射20μL生理盐水(对照组),10^-8 mol、10-7 mol和10-6 mol的多巴胺液,利用闭路摄像头记录4 h内2只中华绒螯蟹打斗时长、次数、打斗分数及胜负关系等指标。打斗结束后,迅速取出中华绒螯蟹血淋巴,用ELISA酶联免疫法测定多巴胺含量。试验结果显示,对照组中华绒鳌蟹打斗时间最长,与各注射组差异显著(P<0.05);注射组中,随注射量的增加,打斗时长下降。对照组中华绒螯蟹打斗强度低于10^-8 mol组,高于其他注射组,与各注射组间差异显著(P<0.05)。注射组中,随注射多巴胺量升高,打斗强度下降,10^-8 mol组打斗强度最高,各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。对照组打斗次数与10-7 mol组差异不显著(P>0.05),与其余各组差异显著(P<0.05)。注射组中,随注射量的增加,打斗次数下降,10^-8 mol组与其余各组差异显著(P<0.05),10-7 mol组与10-6 mol组差异不显著(P>0.05)。打斗结束后,胜利方体内多巴胺含量与正常水平差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于失败方(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,注射多巴胺极显著影响中华绒螯蟹打斗行为(P<0.01),随多巴胺注射量的升高,中华绒螯蟹打斗行为整体下降。     

金乌贼雄性规格和社群数量对求偶与交配行为的影响

为探讨不同规格雄性金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)在求偶交配过程中的竞争及优势等级,采用实验生态学方法,在室内可控条件下分别设置1L1S组、1L2S组和1L4S组(L和S分别表示大规格雄性和小规格雄性,数字表示实验中雄性金乌贼数量),连续摄像观察和记录金乌贼的繁殖行为。结果显示:(1)繁殖过程中金乌贼具有明显的领域行为和护卫伴游行为。(2)随着群体中小规格雄性比例的增加,处于优势地位的大规格雄性个体的优势等级发生变化,主要表现为大规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐减少,而小规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐增多。(3)当群体中小规格雄性较少时,大规格雄性常常主动攻击小规格雄性,而当小规格雄性数量远大于大规格雄性时,小规格雄性主动向其他雄性发起攻击,以争取护卫权和交配权。研究表明,雄性金乌贼的规格和数量对于求偶竞争以及交配行为具有显著影响。随着繁殖群体中小规格雄性增多,大规格雄性成功交配次数逐渐降低。1L4S组成功交配次数稍高于1L2S组,显著高于1L1S组(P0.05)。人工苗种繁育过程中选择合适规格的雄性亲体和合理的雌雄比例,对提高金乌贼繁殖效率具有重要意义。     

鳜视觉和侧线感觉调控捕食行为的动态观察

鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）具有独特的捕食习性。为研究鳜捕食行为相关主要感觉——视觉和侧线感觉调控的捕食行为特征,利用高速摄像与感官抑制技术对鳜的独特捕食行为进行了分析,将实验鳜分为4组：G_C（对照组,视觉与侧线感觉均具备）,G_V（只有视觉）,G_L（只有侧线感觉）和G_DS（视觉、侧线感觉均不具备）4组。对各组鳜投喂饵料鱼,并利用高速摄像技术对单位时间内鳜的捕食行为进行动态观察与分析。结果表明,鳜在捕食行为中表现出5种捕食模式：直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、跟踪-偏移型、弹射型、偏移型,其中,直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、弹射型捕食模式主要由视觉控制,跟踪-偏移型、偏移型主要由侧线感觉控制。在视觉、侧线感觉均具备时优先利用视觉捕食,捕食行为趋于简化,相反,鳜仅利用侧线感觉捕食时,捕食行为变得复杂而多样;鳜在捕食时所表现出的各种捕食行为模式是其具有独特摄食习性的重要原因。上述研究为解读鳜特殊捕食行为的形成机制提供了重要资料。     

clpV is a key virulence gene during in vivo Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection

Interaction between bacterial pathogen and aquatic animal host is exceedingly complex, which involves large dynamic changes in gene expression during different stages of the disease. However, research on identifying key virulence genes based on the dynamics of gene expression changes of a one‐sided bacterial pathogen in tissue has not been reported so far across different stages of infectious disease. The clpV for the T6SS of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida was identified for a candidate for key virulence gene based on dynamic changes of gene expression. For the Epinephelus coioides infected using clpV‐RNAi strain, no deaths were observed up to 20 dpi. The spleens, kidneys and livers of all the E. coioides that received clpV‐RNAi strain failed to develop visible nodules at 5–8 dpi, with the swelling gradually disappearing. The burdens of clpV‐RNAi strain in the spleen and blood were greatly reduced at most of the time points after injection, and the burdens of clpV‐RNAi strain in the head kidneys and trunk kidneys also had a sharp reduction from 72 to 120 hpi. This paper provides a new insight into the discovery of key virulence genes of pathogens in infected tissue systems.     

基于超声波标志法的浅海围栏养殖大黄鱼行为研究

为了解浅海大型围栏人工饲养大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)的行为特征,于2017年8月22日、26日利用小型超声波标志,对6尾大黄鱼分别使用体内植入法和背鳍悬挂法进行24 h运动行为跟踪,获得了围栏内大黄鱼昼夜垂直运动深度及水平位置数据。结果表明:1)体内植入法的试验鱼进入稳定状态所需时间比背鳍悬挂法多2 h左右,稳定性优于背鳍悬挂法;2)两种固定方法大黄鱼活动水层多处于水下4~10 m深度,且更加集中于6 m附近水层;3)试验鱼的水平运动多出现在围栏外侧做往返游动,在靠近工作平台附近出现的概率最小,在投饵区的活动较为频繁。试验首次基于超声波标志跟踪法研究了浅海大型围栏人工饲养下大黄鱼的行为特性,可为今后浅海大型围栏养殖大黄鱼的操作平台选址建设、养殖管理以及大型围栏的设计优化提供科学的理论依据和数据支持。