Direct contribution by soil arthropods to nutrient availability through body and faecal nutrient content

Summary The direct contribution made by soil arthropods to nutrient dynamics was investigated in pine forests that differed in soil nutrient status. Nutrient concentrations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , N, C) in the most abundant species and groups of arthropods in two Pinus nigra forests were compared, and distinct differences were found among taxonomic groups. In the rank order: collembolans, oribatides, isopods, diplopods, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations increased, while N and C concentrations decreased. The nutrient concentrations in individuals of the same species but originating from the different forests were similar, except for the isopod Philoscia muscorum. The total and available nutrient concentrations in food and faeces of the collembolan Tomocerus minor and the isopod Philoscia muscorum were compared. The isopod faeces contained relatively less K⁺ and Mg²⁺, and more Ca²⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , and greater N availability, compared with the food material. The collembolan faeces showed a higher availability of all nutrients measured. The N species appeared to be changed by collembolans; their faeces contained high NO ₃ ^– concentrations, while their food contained relatively high concentrations of NH ₄ ⁺ . These findings were examined in relation to their significance for ecosystem functioning. It was concluded that about 12% of the total K⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , N and 2% of the Ca²⁺ in the organic layer was found in the mesofauna. It was calculated that faeces production by the collembolans resulted in a 2.4 times higher NO ₃ ^– availability in the forest floor.     

Sulfur content of plant material: A comparison of methods of oxidation prior to determination

Abstract

Procedures for S determination involving digestion of plant material with HNO₃/HClO₄ mixtures gave lower values than those using oxygen flask combustion. Tests on a range of S compounds showed that the HNO₃/HClO₄ procedure underestimated S present in methionine, cysteine and glutathione but S in sulfate and the glucosinolate, sinigrin, was not underestimated.

Low recoveries using HNO₃/HClO₄ digestion procedures can be due both to incomplete oxidation of certain compounds and to gaseous losses during the vigorous boiling stage of digestion.     

咸水冻融灌溉对重度盐渍土壤水盐分布的影响

室内咸水冰融化试验设置2个处理:7.5 g L-1咸水冰(SIW(7.5))、15 g L-1咸水冰(SIW(15)),探究了咸水冰融化过程中的水量、水质以及离子组成的变化;土柱模拟试验设置同一灌水量(150mm),4个处理:淡水直接灌溉(FW)、7.5 g L-1咸水直接灌溉(SW)、7.5 g L-1咸水冻融灌溉(SIW(7.5))、15 g L-1咸水冻融灌溉(SIW(15)),对比分析两种灌溉水质(淡水、咸水)和两种灌水方式(直接灌溉、结冰灌溉)对土壤(粉砂壤土)水盐动态的影响。结果表明:咸水冰融化过程中,初期融出水量较大,但含盐量和钠吸附比(SAR)较高,后期融出水量较小,含盐量和SAR很低;融出水的离子含量变化与电导率(EC)变化表现相同的趋势;小于3 g L-1的水的融出率分别是SIW(7.5)=25.46%和SIW(15)=32.78%。FW处理下,土壤中水盐运动持续时间较其他3个处理长,土壤导水率降低最快,灌溉水入渗完成时表层土壤含水量达到33.88%,显著高于其他处理。四种处理下,0~15 cm土层土壤的含盐量平均值分别为FW=2.32 g kg-1、SIW(7.5)=2.80 g kg-1、SIW(15)=3.87 g kg-1、SW=4.31 g kg-1。同等灌水量下,SIW(15)处理下土壤脱盐深度最浅。离子分析表明:FW和SIW(7.5)处理下,0~25 cm土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)下降明显,显著小于SW、SIW(15);然而FW处理下,土壤碱化特征最为明显。综合而言,在淡水资源缺乏而咸水资源相对丰富的地区,中度矿化度咸水结冰融水灌溉可以有效降低根层土壤盐分,满足农业生产的要求。     

Growth and Fruit Chemical Characteristics of Blackberry (Rubus Fruticosus) Cultivated with Vermicompost,Glomus Mosseae and Phosphate Rock

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of vermicompost (V) and phosphate rock (PR) on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe (AMF). Plant growth parameters, total phenol compounds and total flavonoids were evaluated on leaves. Anthocyanin contents, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and SS/TA ratio was evaluated in blackberries fruits. Blackberry plants were obtained from cuttings from field plants, which were distributed in soil according to a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Treatments were vermicompost (10?g plant^?1), phosphate rock (1?g plant^?1), Glomus mosseae (AMF), (1?g plant^?1), PR + AMF, V + PR, V +AMF, V + PR+ AMF and control without any amended. Plant height and stem diameter were measured five months after treatments, while total phenols and total flavonoids in leaves were evaluated eight months later. Anthocyanins, SS, pH, and TA were determined in blackberry fruits ten months after. Plant height was not statistically affected (p≤0.05), although total phenol compounds were higher (21.1?mg g^?1 dry plant) in the V+PR+AMF treatment, whereas the V + AMF treatment produced more dry plant total flavonoids (1.4?mg g^?1), compared with control plants. Blackberries produced with the vermicompost treatment had more anthocyanins (9.54?mg g^?1) than control plants. Soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were not statistically (p≤0.05) affected by any treatment.     

恩施州耕地土壤剖面理化特征及养分分布变化规律

对恩施州利川市齐岳山蔬菜、汪营粮食、恩施市芭蕉茶叶基地等3个观测点土壤剖面的理化特征及养分分布规律进行了研究。3个观测点土壤容重在1.23～1.43 g/cm3之间,为壤土或砂壤土;电导率23.57～38.83μS/cm,无盐碱化;pH 4.22～6.61,偏酸性或强酸性;有机质12.97～52.88 g/kg、铵态氮16.09～31.72 mg/kg、有效磷1.59～185.56mg/kg、速效钾0～131.03 mg/kg;总硒0.30～1.32 mg/kg,有效硒0.02～0.23 mg/kg,属富硒土壤。剖面有效养分从表层到底层呈下降趋势,绝对系数R2在0.132 9～0.939 9之间,不同养分差异大,剖面间分布规律基本一致。该项研究是土壤质量长期监测的基础工作,目的是监测不同施肥方式对蔬菜、粮食、茶叶基地土壤质量变化的影响,为修复土壤、提高农产品质量提供参考。     

镉污染下不同类型水稻土氮素供应特征及其影响因素

污染条件下的土壤氮素供应影响了作物生产和植物生态修复。采用温室盆栽试验,研究了两种剂量镉污染下我国21种水稻土无机氮的供应特征和影响因素。结果表明：淹水10天后,不同水稻土土壤溶液无机态氮含量变幅为1.42 ~ 70.40 mg/L （(平均值为16.76 mg/L）),其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占62.5% 和33.7%;与施肥对照相比,镉污染降低了大多数水稻土土壤溶液无机态氮的含量,平均降幅为58.4%,主要是由土壤溶液NH4+-N含量下降所致;土壤溶液NO3--N含量受镉污染的影响程度则因土壤类型而异。基于典范对应分析的偏因子分析（(VPA）)表明镉污染对水稻土土壤溶液无机氮含量的影响最大,其次是土壤类型,施肥影响最小,三类因子单独作用的影响比例分别为40.38%、6.51% 和0.05%。镉污染下,pH、CEC和土壤质地显著影响水稻土无机氮供应,其中土壤pH是镉污染条件下影响NH4+-N含量变化的首要因子。     

日光温室气象环境综合研究(三)——几种弧型采光屋面温室内直射光量的比较研究

本文计算了北京地区四种弧型采光屋面的温室内10～4月各月平均太阳直接辐射日总量(简称直射光总量),并进行了比较。结果表明10～4月室内直射光总量均以圆面——抛物面组合型温室最高,椭圆面最低。圆面和抛物面相比,冬季(11～2月)前者优于后者,春季(3～4月)相反。     

早籼稻品种遗传改良进程中群体质量的演变特征

以1934～2006年育成,在我国南方广泛种植的16个代表性早籼稻品种为材料,参照生产实践及品种演变阶段,按育成时间将供试品种划分为高秆品种、矮秆品种、矮抗品种、优超品种4种类型,采用常规栽培方法研究其群体质量的演变特征。结果表明,早籼稻品种改良进程中,花后群体光合生产能力增强,干物质积累增加,齐穗期总颖花量增加,高效叶面积率与颖花根流量略有下降,有效叶面积率与成穗率变化不大,单茎茎鞘重呈先下降后略有上升的趋势。早籼稻群体进一步改良的有效途径是增强根系活力,促进根系水分与矿物质的吸收及根系物质向籽粒的转运;提高高效叶面积率,增加花后光合产物积累和总颖花量,进而提高粒叶比,达到源库协调。     

低磷胁迫对玉米叶片色素和形态的影响

通过大田试验,以4个基因型玉米为材料,研究了低磷胁迫下玉米叶片色素和形态变化及其内部生理机制.结果表明,低磷条件下,玉米叶片叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素/红色素均减少,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"的叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素,红色素减少幅度较大,为高磷条件下的0.4～0.8倍,且减少幅度高于"178"和"*082".低磷条件下,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和总黄酮含量均增加,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"为高磷条件下的1.5～2.0倍,增加幅度高于基因型"178"和"*082"."7922"和"掖107"的叶宽和鲜重在两个供磷水平下差异显著,"掖107"的叶片主叶脉直径和总叶片数差异显著.低磷土壤条件下玉米叶宽和主叶脉直径变小,鲜重和总叶片数减少.不同基因型玉米叶片色素和形态变化差异显著.初步推测,"7922"和"掖107"不耐低磷, "178"和"*082"较耐低磷.     

焉耆盆地粮食生产影响因素实证分析

粮食产量受多种因素的影响,该文根据1990-2013年焉耆盆地粮食生产要素的统计资料,基于C-D生产函数,运用协整检验得出协整关系式。结果表明:影响焉耆盆地粮食总产量的影响因素主要为粮食播种面积、农用机械总动力、化肥施用折纯量和农村用电量,影响程度分别为:0.79%、0.405%、0.370%、-0.179%。结果与焉耆盆地山地面积多,耕地面积少的实际情况吻合。