Study on Mismatched Engagement of Hourglass Worm Gearing with The Worm Generated by A Cone and The Wheel Generdted by A Straight Profile Hob

A method to make the hourglass worm gearing with the property of mismatchedpoint contact has been proposed.The worm and the hob of the worm gearing is generated by a coneand a straight line located on the cone respectively. The basic principle of the worm gearing has beenanalysed. The formulas for calcultating the machining parameters has been obtained. And the toothcontact of the worm gearing has been investigated.The result shows that this worm gearing could getopint contact well.     

Determination of Load Share between Gear Teeth with Contact Finite Element Method

The determination of load share between teeth is a complex problem in gear strength calculation. On the basis of contact finite element method this paper considers the production-assembly error as initial gap to get the finite element model which meets load share between teeth in gear meshing. Through calculating and comparing the result with that from ISO formula to get the load share between teeth which meets the requirements in actual usage.     

聚合物基/稻壳粉复合材料的表面改性研究

使用JC2000A型接触角测量仪测试并研究了蒸馏水和甘油两种液体在稻壳粉填充聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合材料表面的接触角.研究表明:通过酸碱处理可明显改变接触角及其随时间变化的规律;其中效果最好的是以水作为探测液时,经酸处理后的PE/稻壳粉复合材料.通过方差分析得知表面改性处理方式对接触角有相当显著的影响.     

Quantitative aspects of solid-state C-NMR spectra of humic substances from soils of volcanic systems

Cross-Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CPMAS ¹³C-NMR) represents one of the most powerful tools to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) mainly because of its inherent capacity to provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of carbon distribution. A critical parameter during acquisition of CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra is the contact time required to obtain the cross-polarisation between proton and carbon nuclei. The procedure to evaluate the best contact time for the acquisition of a quantitative CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectrum is to perform Variable Contact Time (VCT) experiments. In this work the structural features of a number of purified humic substances from Italian and Costarican volcanic soils were investigated by CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy after having performed preliminary VCT experiments. The VCT experiments showed that the average contact times vary according to the origin and chemical structure of the humic material. The optimal contact times (OCT) for nine humic samples were between 250 and 800 μs These values were different from the time of 1000 μs that is commonly applied as the best average contact time for humic materials. Moreover, by comparing the NMR data to those obtained by elemental analysis (C/H ratio), it appeared that the efficiency of the cross-polarisation between protons and carbons, and hence the contact time, is affected not only by the number of protons, but also by their distribution over the molecules. The evaluation of errors in quantitative estimation of the different carbons revealed that the use of OCT generally reduced by half the loss of signals occurring when the average contact time of 1000 μs is used in CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra of humic substances.     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments

Background, Goal and Scope  To date, standardised bioassays for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential in sediments and dredged material use test organisms like bacteria, algae and crustaceae. This paper presents the development and application of a novel sediment contact test (whole sediment) withMyriophyllum aquaticum, a representative of rooted aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the value of a sediment contact test with rooted macrophytes as a supplement to existing test batteries in order to improve the assessment of sediment toxicity. Methods  The newly developed sediment contact test withMyriophylhim aquaticum was applied to natural whole sediments. For performing the test, whorls ofMyriophyllum aquaticum were directly planted in the native sediment and incubated in the light at 24°C (cf. section results and discussion). The end points of the test were the number of the shoots and the fresh weight of the whole plants. The duckweed growth inhibition test withLemna minor according to ISO/DIS 20079 was performed in pore waters from sediment samples. The results of the sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum were compared with each other and with those of the aquatic duckweed test. Results and Discussion  A test protocol for the new plant-based sediment contact test using the aquatic plantMyriophyllum aquaticum as an indicator was developed. The best control sediment proved to be the OECD sediment (OECD 207). A test period of 10 days appeared to be sufficient for the test. The increase of biomass and the derived growth rate were found to be the most suitable evaluation parameters. The growth behaviour ofMyriophyllum aquaticum differed depending on the origin of sediments. Therefore, plant-affecting contamination, that is bound in sediments, was indicated. Conclusions  The novel sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum can indicate phytotoxic effects in sediments. Therefore, it allows a better assessment of the overall-toxicity in whole sediments. Recommendations and Outlook  The sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological risk potential of waters and sediments. It should become a complement to a standardised test battery generally used for the assessment of sediment toxicity.     

53种植物提取物对褐飞虱的杀虫活性测定

用点滴法测定了53种植物66种提取物对褐飞虱的触杀活性。48h校正死亡率大于80％的植物提取物有10种,校正死亡率为50％～80％的植物提取物有10种。进一步测定了有触杀活性的12种植物提取物对褐飞虱的触杀毒力,其中银杏（Ginkgo biloba）叶、厚果鸡血藤（Millettia pachycarpa）种子、广西地不容（Stephania kwangsiensis）块根、黄连（Coptisc胁船瑚括）根的触杀毒力高,LD50值分别为0．0129,0．2519,1．5794和2．0578μg/头。     

BP神经网络在静力触探确定单桩承载力中的应用

运用BP神经网络建立了静力触探成果与单桩承载力的相关关系，并通过工程实例将BP神经网络预报值与线性回归数学模型、规范公式方法计算值进行对比，说明BP神经网络在利用静力触探成果确定单桩承载力中是一种行之有效的方法，具有精度高，信息处理智能化等特点，计算结果明显优于传统的线性回归数学模型和规范公式方法，具有较好的应用价值。     

番茄茎叶提取物对菜粉蝶的生物活性研究

以乙醇、乙醚、苯、石油醚和丙酮为溶剂对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)茎叶进行浸提,测试各溶剂提取物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫的触杀、拒食和胃毒活性。结果表明,各溶剂提取物对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae L.)主要表现为拒食活性和胃毒活性,其中乙醇提取物的拒食和胃毒活性最强。     

考虑不密实接触地下埋管联合受力分析

埋藏式压力钢管设计中,钢衬、混凝土衬圈和围岩之间普遍存在着不连续的缝隙,致使设计计算时难以进行联合受力分析。针对这种不密实接触问题,采用厚壁圆环组合环法,提出了在钢衬和混凝土之间设置接触层的钢衬、混凝土衬圈和围岩三者联合受力分析方法。并利用变形协调条件,推导出各环变形的解析解,得到钢衬和围岩的压力分担比。不同接触情况下的受力分析结果表明,当接触层弹性模量小于混凝土弹模的1/100时,接触层的弹性模量变化对钢衬和围岩压力分担比的影响较大;而接触层厚度对压力分担比的影响不甚明显。另外,接触层参数可通过其变形与规范建议的初始缝隙相匹配的原则加以确定。