软体动物胚胎发育的温度效应研究进展

软体动物具有重要的经济价值和药用价值。对软体动物胚胎发育速率、胚胎不同阶段生长发育的温度效应及胚胎发育的温度适应性和耐受力等研究进行了综述,以期为软体动物的保护及养殖提供科学依据。     

一种无土栽培新装置根区温湿度及对番茄根系生长的影响

以桶式Ⅱ型无土栽培装置为对照,式无土栽培新装置为处理.研究了新装置根区温湿度的变化以及根系生长状况。结果表明,在苗期和果实成熟期,两栽培装置中基质和气室温度的日变化随着温室气温的变化而变化,变化趋势总体上基本一致,新装置中基质和室的温度变化的幅度均低于对照。湿度的日变化趋势正好与温度的日变化趋势相反,先是缓慢下降而后又逐渐上升,变化的幅度整体上新装置低于对照。说明在新装置栽培下,基质和气室温湿度受外界光照剧烈变化影响的幅度小于对照,能够更好避免由于高温高湿造成的根系枯死。两种栽培装置的根系生长在苗期没有明显的差异,在果实成熟期差异显著,新装置高于对照。     

温度和湿度对二化螟存活率与繁殖力影响的回归模型

在室内恒温、恒湿条件下系统观察了不同温湿度对二化螟存活率与繁殖力的影响。结果表明:温度和湿度对二化螟各虫态的存活率和成虫的繁殖力有显著的影响,生长发育最适宜的温度为28℃,相对湿度为85%~90%。二化螟各虫态存活率和成虫繁殖力与温度、湿度均呈二次抛物线关系。分别建立了二化螟各虫态的存活率和成虫的繁殖力的回归预测模型。     

Application of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for comparison of direct and indirect extraction methods of soil DNA used for microbial community fingerprinting

 We used polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to compare bacterial community patterns obtained with target DNA extracted from a soil by direct and indirect methods. For this purpose, two direct extraction methods, i.e. cell lysis by bead beating and cell disruption by grinding in liquid N, and two indirect methods, i.e. cell extraction followed by DNA extraction, and combined RNA/DNA extraction from the bacterial cell fraction, were performed. Crude extracts were purified and amplified using universal bacterial primers. PCR products were then analysed by DGGE, and similarity between the profiles obtained was determined by unweighted pair group with mathematical averages clustering. The results showed clear profiles that presumably represented the dominant bacterial fractions in the samples. The profiles generated by all four methods were similar, indicating that the methods were of approximately equal efficiency in the extraction of target DNA representative of the soil bacterial community. However, the patterns of clustering also indicated that different populations of bacteria could be detected in the same soil using different soil DNA extraction methods. The application of two dilution levels of DNA in PCR-DGGE showed that the most stable profile of the soil bacterial community could be generated by the direct methods. The indirect methods gave clustered profiles at both dilution levels. It is likely that these methods extracted DNA from a major, easily desorbed, bacterial fraction, consisting of low-density populations. PCR-DGGE was found to be a suitable technique with which to assess differences in methods for DNA extraction from soil, which can be further used for the determination of microbial community diversity at the molecular level. Received: 22 June 1999     

Effect of environmental factors on fertility of Holstein–Friesian cattle in Japan

We investigated the environmental factors in Japan, including meteorological conditions, on the fertility of a European cattle breed, Holstein–Friesian, by examining conception rates in different regions. First artificial insemination and associated conception details were recorded for 69,952 Holstein female cattle. In general, meteorological conditions vary considerably according to latitude in Japanese islands. Conception rates were higher in the Northern (above 37°N) than the Southern (below 37°N) region (61.3% vs. 53.3%). All the factors analyzed in the statistical model, including insemination year, region, month, AI technician, service sire and interaction between region and month, had significant effects on the conception rate. In the Southern region, conception rates were lower in the summer months (average temperature, 27.8 °C, and maximum temperature, 32.3 °C). However, this seasonal decline was not observed in the Northern region (average temperature, 23.7 °C, and maximum temperature, 28.4 °C). Regression analysis of conception rate in relation to temperature showed highly significant negative regression coefficients (− 0.66 to − 0.63% per °C; p < 0.001) in the Southern region, but non-significant coefficients in the Northern region. Humidity had a minimal effect on conception rate in both regions. Our data collectively suggest that 37°N latitude is a threshold that affects Holstein–Friesian conception rates in Japan.     

温度对棉花种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究不同温度条件下棉花种子的发芽特性。[方法]以南疆主栽的中棉所35号和新海23号为材料,设置纸培、砂培2种培养方式和81、22、02、42、8℃5种恒温,研究温度对棉花种子萌发的影响。[结果]不同温度下,新海23号的发芽率均高于中棉所35号,平均发芽天数少于中棉所35号。随着温度的降低,2个棉花品种的发芽速度减慢,发芽率呈下降趋势。在相同的温度条件下,砂培更有利于棉花种子萌发,提高种子发芽率,加快种子的发芽速率,种子的平均发芽天数少。[结论]新海23号比中棉所35号发芽时耐低温,可以适当早播。     

Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within 0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from 10 °C (ambient) by 2 °C per day, and maintained at 27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.     

主要环境因子对两株松树外生菌根真菌生长的影响

研究了培养基、pH、温度及水势对松林下常见外生菌根真菌牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)和乳菇(Lactariussp.)生长的影响。结果表明,在所选择的培养基上,两种菌株都能生长,在添加维生素类物质的天然培养基上,生长旺盛;对pH适应范围较广;L.sp.在弱碱性条件下生长较好,而B.sp.在弱酸性条件下生长较好;温度对菌株生长影响较大,两种菌株最适生长温度均为25℃;极端水势条件下,L.sp.和B sp.均不能生长,轻度水分胁迫能促进L.sp.和B.sp.的生长。L.sp.是一种适应性较强的菌株。     

氮肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响(英文)

[目的]了解柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化在不同温度下对不同氮肥施用量的影响关系,为构建果园生态系统的碳循环模型提供参数。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,在10、20、30℃3个温度条件下,研究施肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响。[结果]3种温度处理下,各施氮处理土壤有机碳矿化速率都表现为培养前期快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势。在整个培养过程中,3种温度条件下各施氮处理的土壤CO2累积排放量为1328.25~2219.42mg/kg,100mg/kg(N4)处理土壤有机碳矿化量最大,CK处理最低,100mg/kg(N4)和80mg/kg(N3)2个高氮处理显著高于低氮50mg/kg(N2)、30mg/kg(N1)处理。土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而增长,不同的土壤施氮条件下土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性不同,N2处理土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性最低,N4处理最高。柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化受高施氮量影响较大,低施氮影响不明显。[结论]随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性增加,氮肥施用和温度的共同作用可能使柑橘林向大气中排放的CO2增加。     

不同温度下扶桑绵粉蚧试验种群生命表研究(英文)

[目的]揭示温度对扶桑绵粉蚧种群动态的影响,为该虫的防治提供帮助。[方法]建立试验种群,并用棉花饲养,观察记录种群的主要参数。[结果]组建了24、27、30℃下扶桑绵粉蚧试验种群特定年龄和繁殖力特征生命表,获得了该虫世代平均历期、各虫期/年龄存活率、寿命、产卵期、单雌产卵量、性比、净增值率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、种群增长趋势指数、存活率曲线类型、日产雌量曲线类型等10余个实验种群参数,揭示了温度对该粉蚧生长发育、寿命和生殖力的影响。[结论]在适宜温度条件下,扶桑绵粉蚧繁殖潜力大,种群增长速度快,易暴发成灾。该研究结果为扶桑绵粉蚧的种群动态调查、预测预报和综合治理等提供了科学依据。