Effects of surfactants on primisulfuron activity in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli [L.] Beauv.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.)

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to measure the contact angle of primisulfuron droplets with and without surfactants on the leaf surfaces of barnyardgrass and green foxtail, to determine the primisulfuron activity on these weed species, and to examine the spray deposit of primisulfuron with and without surfactants on the leaf surface of green foxtail using scanning electron microscopy. A non-ionic surfactant (NIS) and an organosilicone wetting agent (OWA) were used. The contact angles of 1 μL droplets were measured on the leaf surface using a goniometer. The activity of primisulfuron on barnyardgrass and green foxtail was assessed at 3 weeks after treatment based on visual injury and the fresh weight. The contact angles of the droplets of primisulfuron on the adaxial surface of the barnyardgrass and green foxtail leaves were 152° and 127°, respectively, when applied without surfactant. The addition of either surfactant markedly reduced the contact angle for both weed species, which was lowest when the OWA was added to primisulfuron. The percentage injury of barnyardgrass was very low, even at the higher rate of primisulfuron, regardless of the surfactant. Primisulfuron at 40 g ha⁻¹ controlled 43% of green foxtail without surfactant, which increased to 65% with the NIS and 83% with the OWA. Primisulfuron with a surfactant markedly reduced the fresh weight of green foxtail compared with primisulfuron applied alone, regardless of the primisulfuron rate and surfactant type. The scanning electron micrographs showed a uniform deposit of spray droplets, with close contact of the droplets to the leaf epicuticular surface in green foxtail in the presence of a surfactant compared with no surfactant. The enhanced primisulfuron activity on green foxtail with surfactants was related to the reduced contact angle and uniform deposition of the primisulfuron spray droplets on the leaf surface.     

The relationship between in vivo limb and in vitro tendon mechanics after injury: a potential novel clinical tool for monitoring tendon repair

Reasons for performing the study: Highly prevalent superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury results in compromised tendon function through fibrosis and high frequency of re‐injury due to altered biomechanical function. This study investigated the consequences of SDF tendinopathy on limb mechanics in relation to the mechanical properties of injured tendon. Objectives: To develop and validate a noninvasive in vivo assessment of tendon mechanics to investigate the effect of recent SDFT injury on limb stiffness index, providing an objective method to assess quality of healing. Hypotheses: Limb stiffness index would reduce as a consequence of SDFT injury and progressively increase during tendon healing and correlate with in vitro mechanical properties of the respective SDFTs. Methods: Kinematic analysis was performed at walk in 10 horses that had sustained career‐ending SDFT injury. Stiffness index was derived from limb force recorded via a series of force plates and measurement of change in metacarpophalangeal joint angle using 3D motion analysis software. Horses were subjected to euthanasia 7 months after injury, the SDFTs removed and subjected to nondestructive in vitro mechanical testing. Results: Limb stiffness index was reduced following SDFT injury in comparison with the contralateral limb and increased during the convalescent period, approximating that of the contralateral limb by 7 months post injury. There was a significant positive correlation between in vivo limb stiffness index and in vitro SDFT stiffness. Clinical relevance: The ability to assess and monitor SDFT mechanical competence through limb stiffness measurement techniques in horses recovering from SDFT injury and the possibility of corroborating this with functional tendon healing may permit a more objective and accurate assessment of optimal tendon repair in the horse. This technique may be a useful method for assessing the efficacy of treatment regimens for tendinopathy and could be utilised to predict time to safe return to performance or re‐injury.     

Design Problems of Internal Bracing and Composite Soil Nailing Wall in Foundation Pits under Binary Geological Conditions

Combined with the design practice in foundation excavation engineering,the problems for combined supporting from inner supports and composite soil nailing wall under binary geological conditions,including soil layers and rock stratum with weak intercalation in range of excavation depth,are analyzed.These problems mainly include the following: calculation model of earthen pressure,the local bearing capacity of foundations below steel pipe piles,stiffness coordination at the junction of rigid and flexible supports,internal bracing stability influencd by restrained condition of upright post,etc.Problems of concern for design of similar foundation pit supports are pointed out,and measures for solving these problems are proposed.All these can provide references for similar projects.     

有限元法钢丝滚道轴承接触问题研究

对钢丝滚道球轴承滚动体与钢丝滚道的点接触问题进行研究,由Hertz接触理论给出接触区的主要几何参数,应力极值以及接触体弹性趋近量的计算公式,并根据实际应用进行简化,计算出所研究轴承接触区的主要参数。在对钢丝滚道球轴承点接触理论分析的基础上,利用有限元法对钢丝滚道球轴承的接触问题进行仿真。对仿真的结果进行分析,并且与理论计算的结果和实际工作过程中的结果相比较,对其不同之处进行分析。     

正负刚度并联弹簧汽车座椅悬架设计与仿真

介绍正负刚度并联相消原理,通过分析可知应用该原理可以有效降低系统的固有频率,减小隔振传递率。基于该原理选用连杆弹簧负刚度机构与正刚度弹簧并联,设计新型汽车座椅隔振系统,给出该隔振系统的结构参数和性能参数,得到符合座椅要求的固有频率。用ADAMS建立座椅悬架以及人体-座椅五自由度的虚拟样机模型,采用正弦激励模拟汽车驾驶室地板的输入激励进行仿真,在同样的激励条件下,对未加负刚度的座椅隔振系统进行同样的仿真,分别得到人体头部、躯干上部、躯干下部、臀部和座椅振动的加速度谱。结果表明,与未施加负刚度的普通座椅隔振系统相比,人体加速度明显减小,舒适度得到有效改善。     

基于模式搜索的轮胎纵向刚度估计方法

提出了一种含有两个参数的轮胎纵向力模型,并通过该模型利用基于模式搜索的最小二乘法对轮胎的纵向刚度和滚动半径进行了动态估计。仿真证明了该算法的可行性。将该算法应用于车辆的实际试验数据,结果证明轮胎的压力与轮胎纵向刚度近似成反比。     

混流式水轮发电机组横向振动动力响应分析

建立了考虑作用于转子与转轮上不平衡力的大型水轮发电机组振动计算模型,以某混流式水轮发电机组为例,采用有限元法对机组转动部分的动力响应进行了计算和分析,主要讨论了不平衡力的相位差、结构阻尼比、导轴承刚度和转动频率对机组动力响应的影响,在刚性支撑模型基础上改变不平衡力的相位差,在弹性支撑模型基础上改变结构阻尼比和各个导轴承刚度进行了分析比较。计算结果表明不平衡力的相位差、结构阻尼比、导轴承刚度和转动频率对机组动力响应都有着不同程度的影响,为减小机组振动以及优化水轮发电机组支撑结构提供了参考。     

直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮接触强度的有限元分析

针对采用传统经验公式分析计算齿轮泵齿轮接触强度存在计算过程相当复杂、繁琐,误差较大的问题.在分析齿轮受力情况基础上,采用有限元法对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮接触强度进行计算,并与经验公式计算的接触强度进行比较分析.结果表明,两种方法计算结果基本吻合,证实了采用有限元法分析计算的可行性与优越性,为直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮的设计、选材提供了一种新的方法,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

基于接触状态感知的羊胴体后腿自适应分割控制方法

针对羊胴体后腿骨肉边界未知、尺寸多变和可见性约束限制造成的机器人自主分割精确度低与易受阻卡住的问题,提出一种羊胴体后腿自适应分割控制方法,并开展羊胴体后腿分割试验进行验证。该方法以接触状态感知为核心,有效提取接触类型特征、接触异常度特征和接触方向特征,通过构建深度时空神经网络识别接触类型,构建深度自编码网络估计接触异常度,采用主成分分析方法检测主要接触方向,实现接触状态多模态感知,机器人通过动态运动基元模仿学习人类操作技能,并结合接触状态感知信息实现关节运动的自适应调节。试验结果表明：深度时空网络模型在羊胴体后腿分割验证集上的识别准确率为98.44%;深度自编码网络模型能够较好地估计验证集样本的接触异常度,区分不同的接触状态。机器人基于自适应分割控制方法开展实际分割试验,与对照组相比,最大分割力下降幅度为29 N,最大力矩下降幅度为7 N·m,证明该方法的有效性;平均最大残留肉厚度为3.6 mm,平均分割残留率为4.9%,分割残留率与羊胴体质量呈现负相关,证明该方法具有良好的泛化性和准确性,并且整体分割效果较好,满足羊胴体后腿分割要求。     

2种苦木科植物活性组分对褐飞虱的触杀活性及作用机理初探

用不同溶剂萃取了苦木科植物苦木（枝叶）和鸦胆子（枝叶）的活性组分,并测定了活性组分对褐飞虱3龄若虫的触杀活性及对其乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）活性的影响。结果表明,在10mg／ml浓度下,处理24h．苦木和鸦胆子的氯仿萃取物对褐飞虱3龄若虫有明显触杀活性,校正死亡率分别达到96．37％和96.70％。24h内,经苦木氯仿萃取物处理的试虫,其AchE活性降低且不可逆恢复;而经鸦胆子氯仿萃取物处理的试虫．其AchE活性呈现“升-降-升-降”趋势,最后与对照持平。