全混日粮饲喂育肥牛增重效果试验

随机选择22~24月龄、体重400kg左右的西门塔尔杂交公牛共20头,互为对照,试验期160d。试验组使用TMR日粮饲喂育肥牛,头均日增重1.31kg,料重比6.21:1;对照组采用常规喂法头均日增重1.12kg,料重比7.27:1。试验组较对照组日增重提高16.96%,料重比降低17.1%,两组差异显著(P<0.05)。     

不同含氮量的奶牛饲料对BUN和MUN含量的影响

试验将21头瘤胃瘘管奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组,每组3头奶牛,对照组饲喂TMR,试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组饲喂的TMR分别添加50.0,100.0,150.0,200.0,250.0,300.0g/(头·d)尿素粉,并测定了BUN、MUN、RUN和产奶性能.结果表明,试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组BUN和MUN与对照组没有明显区别,但产奶量和乳成分有所提高;试验Ⅳ～Ⅵ组BUN和MUN明显高于对照组,产奶量和乳脂率有下降趋势,乳蛋白和乳糖降低显著.MUN和BUN高度相关(r=0.8974,P＜0.01).     

全混日粮饲料搅拌车的磨损和使用

根据机器不同部位的易损程度不同,将机器的组成分为五类,阐明了各部分组成和功能,对不同形式的搅拌车和部分选装件进行了对比,并对机器的使用成本进行了分析.对如何正确使用机器、如何选购机型具有一定的借鉴和参考价值.     

Effects of forage offering method on performance,rumen fermentation,nutrient digestibility and nutritional behaviour in Holstein dairy calves

The potential effect of dietary forage supplementation on the performance and rumen development in dairy calves is well established. However, limited research has been directed to the comparative effects of forage offering methods on calf performance. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of forage provision methods (total mixed ration or free choice) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and nutritional behaviour in newborn calves. Forty‐five Holstein dairy calves (3 days of age and 41 ± 2 kg of body weight) were assigned to the following three groups (n = 15): (i) starter without forage provision (CON), (ii) starter supplemented with 10% alfalfa hay (AH) as a total mixed ration (AH‐TMR) and (iii) starter and AH as a free‐choice provision (AH‐FC) for a period of 70 days. All the calves were offered 5 l of milk/day from day 3 to 50, and 2.5 l/day from day 50 until weaning on day 56. Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater (p < 0.01) in the AH‐TMR and AH‐FC treatments than in the CON during the pre‐ and post‐weaning periods. Calves fed the AH‐FC diet showed the highest post‐weaning DMI among the treatments. The calves receiving ad libitum forage tended (p = 0.08) to increase crude protein digestibility and overall volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations in the rumen. No differences were observed among the treatments at the time spent on standing, lying, eating and performing non‐nutritive oral behaviours. Compared to CON calves, animals in the AH‐TMR treatment spent more time (p < 0.05) ruminating. In conclusion, our data suggest that forage supplementation in both forage offering methods increased total DMI, ruminal pH and ruminating time in dairy calves. Hence, there is no benefit in the free‐choice provision of AH in dairy calves.     

应用全混合日粮技术饲喂奶牛效果比较

对应用全混合日粮(Total Mixed Ration,TMR)技术饲喂前后奶牛的产奶水平、繁殖性能和健康水平进行了对比分析,结果表明:泌乳牛应用TMR饲喂技术后.奶牛产奶量较对照组提高了30.5%,差异显著(P＜0.05).乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳干物质率分别提高了0.05%,0.02%和0.01%,差异不显著(P＞0.05).成年母牛发病率、繁殖疾病发生率和消化疾病发生率分别降低了0.62%,0.16%和0.19%,差异不显著(P＞0.05).泌乳牛日均毛收入试验组比对照组提高了6.04元.     

影响TMR饲料存放时间的因素

使用全混合日粮(Total mixed rations,TMR)饲喂技术能够保证奶牛摄入均衡的营养,节省大量的人力和物力,并提高奶牛的生产性能,对促进我国奶牛业发展有着重要意义。但受到TMR水分含量高,易腐败变质的影响,大多数中小型养牛场和养殖户对TMR饲料的使用仍受到很大的限制。文中从TMR贮存方式、物料含水量及贮存用添加物三方面,对影响TMR存放时间的因素进行综述,以促进其进一步应用。     

合理利用TMR提高奶牛生产性能

为了提高奶牛生产性能，充分发挥奶牛TMR的优势，结合近几年的生产实践经验，对TMR在奶牛生产上的优点、分群技巧及配制饲料过程中的误区进行了综述，以期为奶牛生产提供帮助。     

Yeast population dynamics on air exposure in total mixed ration silage with sweet potato residue

To investigate the yeast population dynamics during air exposure in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing sweet potato residue. TMR were ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg) with or without two lactic acid bacteria strains, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), and Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA). Fermentation characteristics were measured and yeast population was investigated by ITS1 region gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. All treatments were well ensiled, and L. amylovorus improved aerobic stability. During aerobic exposure, Pichia kudriavzevii was detected with increased relative abundance in all treatments and more relative abundant in LP. Pichia fermentans was more relative abundant in control. Higher relative abundance of Pichia anomala was detected in deteriorating LP. The relative abundance of Pichia ohmeri increased during later aerobic exposure in the control and LA, with a significant increase in the count of yeast population. Despite Cryptococcus was detected more relative abundant during early stage of aerobic exposure, the yeast population was below the detection limit. Aerobic deterioration was characterized by an increase in operational taxonomic units of Pichia. High relative abundance of P. anomala and P. kudriavzevii made aerobic deterioration easier. Inhibition of P. fermentans might be an effective strategy for improving the aerobic stability to some instance.     

西门塔尔牛TMR饲喂与传统饲喂比较

[目的]肉牛全混合日粮(TMR)是一种将粗饲料、精饲料、矿物质、维生素和微量元素等其他添加剂充分混合搅拌均匀,将水分调到45%,能够满足肉牛营养需要的饲养技术。[方法]为了比较西门塔尔牛TMR饲喂与传统饲喂方式,在固原市瑞科丰农牧科技有限公司随机选取120头西门塔尔育肥公牛作为试验牛群,对照组和试验组各60头,试验组使用TMR日粮饲喂,对照组采用传统饲喂方式饲喂,观察育肥牛生长发育情况、体重变化。[结果]结果表明,TMR饲喂的肉牛平均体重(547.9 kg),比传统饲喂平均体重(509.24 kg),相对提高了7.6%(P0.01)。TMR饲喂平均日增重(1 331.6 g/d)比传统饲喂的平均日增重(1 194.5 g/d)相对提高了11.5%(P0.01),西门塔尔公牛育肥平均体重TMR饲喂785 kg,传统饲喂为752 kg,体重增加33 kg,提高4.4%(P0.05);西门塔尔育肥公牛平均利润TMR饲喂比传统饲喂利润增加1 529.5元/头。[结论]西门塔尔牛TMR饲喂比传统饲喂优势明显,应在肉牛生产中大力推广。     

全混合日粮对育肥期肉牛生长和屠宰性能的影响

为探明全混合日粮饲喂技术在西门塔尔牛与新疆褐牛杂交一代牛（西杂牛）育肥期的使用效果,选择健康无病、年龄22～24月龄、体重（380±10）kg 的西杂牛40头进行150 d 全混合日粮及传统饲喂方式（对照）的饲喂试验。结果表明：饲喂全混合日粮的西杂牛日增重为1010．2 g,显著高于对照组（P ＜0．05）;消化系统发病率极显著低于对照组（P ＜0．01）,饲料报酬两组间差异不显著（P ＞0．05）;饲喂全混合日粮的胴体重为329．6 kg,显著高于对照组（P ＜0．05）;屠宰率、净肉率、眼肌面积、肉色和大理石纹间差异不显著。