大棚温室作物需水量计算模型研究进展

对目前国内外大棚温室作物需水量计算模型的研究进展进行了归纳总结,在此基础上指出：基于不同气候（主要是室内外气候耦合的相关度）条件下应使用不同的计算模型,并建议对大棚温室微气候复杂的动态系统进行数值模拟及建模,有利于进一步提高计算室内作物需水量模型的精度。     

Semi-Synthesis,Cytotoxic Evaluation,and Structure—Activity Relationships of Brefeldin A Derivatives with Antileukemia Activity

Brefeldin A (1), a potent cytotoxic natural macrolactone, was produced by the marine fungus Penicillium sp. (HS-N-29) from the medicinal mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius. Series of its ester derivatives 2–16 were designed and semi-synthesized, and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Their cytotoxic activities were evaluated against human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line in vitro, and the preliminary structure–activity relationships revealed that the hydroxy group played an important role. Moreover, the monoester derivatives exhibited stronger cytotoxic activity than the diester derivatives. Among them, brefeldin A 7-O-2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzoate (7) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on the proliferation of K562 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 0.84 µM. Further evaluations indicated that 7 induced cell cycle arrest, stimulated cell apoptosis, inhibited phosphorylation of BCR-ABL, and thereby inactivated its downstream AKT signaling pathway. The expression of downstream signaling molecules in the AKT pathway, including mTOR and p70S6K, was also attenuated after 7-treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, molecular modeling of 7 docked into 1 binding site of an ARF1–GDP-GEF complex represented well-tolerance. Taken together, 7 had the potential to be served as an effective antileukemia agent or lead compound for further exploration.     

All-around 3D plant modeling system using multiple images and its composition

In this study, we developed an all-around 3D plant modeling system that operates using images and is capable of measuring plants non-destructively without any contact. During the fabrication of this device, we selected a method capable of performing 3D model reconstruction from multiple images. We then developed an improved SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion / Multi-View-Stereo) method that enables 3D reconstruction by simply capturing images with a camera. The resulting image-based method offers a high degree of freedom because the hardware and software can comprise commercially available products, and it permits the use of one or more cameras according to the shape and size of the plant. The advantages of the image-based method are that 3D reconstruction can be conducted at any time as long as the images are already taken, and that the desired locations can be observed, measured, and analyzed from 2D images and a 3D point cloud. The device we developed is capable of 3D measurements and modeling of plants from a few millimeters to 2.4 m of height using this method. This article explains this device, the principles of its composition, and the accuracy of the models obtained from it.     

3D modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees: A cross-cutting review across computer graphics,vision, and plant phenotyping

This paper reviews the past and current trends of three-dimensional (3D) modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees. These topics have been studied in multiple research fields, including computer vision, graphics, plant phenotyping, and forestry. This paper, therefore, provides a cross-cutting review. Representations of plant shape and structure are first summarized, where every method for plant modeling and reconstruction is based on a shape/structure representation. The methods were then categorized into 1) creating non-existent plants (modeling) and 2) creating models from real-world plants (reconstruction). This paper also discusses the limitations of current methods and possible future directions.     

国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法研究

空间尺度上,种植业面源污染负荷估算可用分为田块尺度、流域尺度和区域尺度。国家尺度属于区域尺度范畴,是掌握整个国家种植业源污染负荷概况、检验种植业面源污染防治措施成效、预测面源污染发展趋势的重要尺度。本文综述了国家尺度上种植业面源污染负荷估算的研究方法,主要包括输出系数法、改进输出系数法、多元回归法、贝叶斯递归回归树模型、过程模型模拟法等,并利用以上方法对我国种植业面源污染负荷进行估算。其中氮素径流损失估算结果在0.30～2.40 Tg之间,氮素淋洗损失为0.36～2.03 Tg,磷素径流损失为3.5～6.37 Mg。指出了我国国家尺度种植业面源污染流失量估算方法存在以下主要问题:源头排放未区分背景排放和肥料排放,也未考虑南方一年多熟制排放差异,过程削减未充分考虑沿程消纳。为此,提出我国国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法应进一步明细各土地利用输出系数、区分背景排放和肥料排放,考虑我国熟制的区域差异、考虑田块到流域出口的沿程削减。     

考虑定常能量损失因子的柱塞泵效率特性建模

针对轴向柱塞泵效率特性模型难以保证全工况下模型预测精度的问题,提出利用定常能量损失因子对现有的轴向柱塞泵总效率计算模型进行优化.首先,利用能量守恒定律对轴向柱塞泵的能量损失构成进行了研究,分析了轴向柱塞泵总效率计算模型误差产生的原因;其次,建立了全工况下轴向柱塞泵效率特性模型,并验证了其有效性;最后,对变排量工况下轴向柱塞泵的效率特性进行仿真分析与试验验证.研究结果表明:在变转速、变压力与变排量工况下,考虑定常能量损失因子的效率特性模型均可准确预测轴向柱塞泵的总效率,且在全工况范围内,模型的效率预测最大相对误差仅为4.8%;考虑定常能量损失因子的柱塞泵总效率模型能够完成全工况范围内轴向柱塞泵总效率的精确预测,这为柱塞泵的节能优化设计与节能控制提供了基础.     

The pelagic habitat analysis module for ecosystem‐based fisheries science and management

We have developed a set of tools that operate within an aquatic geographic information system to improve the accessibility, and usability of remote‐sensed satellite and computer‐modeled oceanographic data for marine science and ecosystem‐based management. The tools form the Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module (PHAM), which can be applied as a modeling platform, an investigative aid in scientific research, or utilized as a decision support system for marine ecological management. Applications include fisheries, marine biology, physical and biological oceanography, and marine spatial management. The GIS provides a home for diverse data types and automated tools for downloading remote sensed and global circulation model data. Within the GIS environment, PHAM provides a framework for seamless interactive four‐dimensional visualization, for matching between disparate data types, for flexible statistic or mechanistic model development, and for dynamic application of user developed models for habitat, density, and probability predictions. Here we describe PHAM in the context of ecosystem‐based fisheries management, and present results from case study projects which guided development. In the first, an analysis of the purse seine fishery for tropical tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed oceanographic drivers of the catch distribution and the influence of climate‐driven circulation patterns on the location of fishing grounds. To support management of the Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the California Current Ecosystem, a simple empirical habitat utilization model was developed and used to dynamically predict the seasonal range expansion of common thresher shark based on oceanographic conditions.     

我国海洋渔业资源养护与管理的法律对策

海洋渔业资源面临枯竭是世界性难题。我国既有的海洋渔业资源养护与管理法基本上形成了国内法体系与国际法体系。但是,对渔业资源的养护与管理,我国缺乏适应市场经济要求的理念。渔业资源立法的现状堪忧。我国缺乏基本的渔业资源养护与管理原则、制度及其规范,其问题与缺陷应得到矫正。立法文本中要提出有针对性的法律规制措施。     

高州水库集水区内污染源污染负荷研究

为探究高州水库集水区内污染状况,根据2008年污染源的调查结果,利用排污系数法和输出系数法,结合现场资料调查分别对该地区点源和非点源污染负荷(COD、NH3-N、TN、TP)进行估算,并应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术对集水区内污染源空间分布特征及来源构成进行分析。研究结果表明,高州水库集水区内COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染物输出总量分别为8192.83、394.13、1137.38、94.29 t/a,其中非点源污染COD、NH3-N、TN、TP输出量为7114.79、336.91、1060.21、88.08 t/a,占污染物输出总量的比例分别为87%、85%、93%、93%。COD、TN和TP均以农林种植源排放为主,占总输出量的比例分别为50%、52%、50%。NH3-N以农村生活源排放为主,占总输出量的比例为63%。在空间分布上,每年不同乡镇单位面积COD负荷强度为47.08~144.63 kg.hm-2,NH3-N负荷强度2.43~5.24 kg.hm-2,TN负荷强度6.70~20.34 kg.hm-2;TP负荷强度0.60~1.73 kg.hm-2,其中以临近库区的平山镇COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷强度均最高。在来源构成上,集水区各镇COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷的70%~94%来源于非点源。因此,为保护高州水库水环境,应将集水区内非点源(农村生活、散养畜禽、农林种植)作为重点控制源,同时根据其空间分布特征进行分区防治,重点防治控制区为平山镇。     

Application of crop growth simulation and mathematical modeling to supply chain management in the Thai sugar industry

The poorly integrated cane supply planning between mills and cane growers in the Northeast of Thailand generates an excess of cane supplies that exceeds the mills’ capacity during the peak of harvest season. Each grower individually determines his/her cultivation plan by selecting planting dates and cultivars based on one’s own preference without taking into account the individual mill’s capacity and other growers’ plans. This situation causes most sugarcane grown in this area to reach its mature stage at the same period. In this study, we propose a framework of cultivation planning to cope with the problem. The focus of the cultivation plan is a long-term plan to determine the cultivation time, the cultivar selection and the corresponding prospective harvesting time window for each field such that overall sugar production is optimized.The crop growth model and a mathematical model are employed for yield simulation and optimization task. The crop growth model enables decision-makers to visualize cane production of each individual field at different dates with different cultivars and allow decision-makers to apply the mathematical programming to cultivation planning. The suggested framework has the potential to increase sugar production by 23% when compared to the traditional method.