平衡孔直径对离心泵性能及平衡腔压力的影响

在离心泵性能数值模拟与试验测试结果基本吻合的基础上,对泵平衡孔直径0~12 mm范围内的泵扬程、效率和轴功率进行预测,研究泵设计工况下,不同平衡孔直径时平衡腔内液体压力沿轴向、径向和切向分布规律,以及其对盖板力的影响,并绘制出p=f(k)关系曲线。结果表明:同一流量工况时,平衡孔直径增大到一定值后,轴功率明显增大,效率显著降低,但在大于设计流量工况时,扬程与平衡孔直径无关;同一平衡孔直径下,平衡腔压力沿轴向和切向基本保持不变,压力由泵轴至密封环沿径向增大;在平衡腔内小于平衡孔圆心与泵轴中心垂直距离的半径区域,平衡孔直径越小,压力沿径向越趋近于零,而在平衡腔内大于上述半径区域,平衡孔直径越大,压力沿切向越大;比面积k≥2.645时,平衡腔区域盖板力基本平衡。     

离心泵泵腔流道液体泄漏量试验与计算方法

设计了针对泵腔流道液体泄漏量测量的专用试验装置,采用改变叶轮轴向位置(即改变泵腔轴向间隙)来改变隙径比的方法,在间隙为0.2 mm、0.3 mm,长度为15 mm密封环条件下,对隙径比为0.127、0.101、0.076、0.051、0.025、0.006的泵腔流道的进出口液体压力和液体泄漏量进行了测试及分析,并提出了泵腔流道液体泄漏量计算公式及其速度系数的确定方法。结果表明:不同隙径比的泵腔流道液体泄漏量系数与压力系数的变化很有规律性,其关系曲线几乎是一些斜直线,但隙径比和密封环间隙对其有较大影响;在泵结构不变情况下,只减小泵腔轴向间隙就能有效地减少液体泄漏量,提高泵容积效率,泵腔轴向间隙最佳取值范围为1~5 mm。     

青饲圆捆机对数螺线式成形装置设计与试验

为提高青贮饲料的打捆作业效率和作业质量,在现有青贮饲料打捆技术的基础上,设计了一种用于青贮作业,由喂料预压机构、对数螺线式二次压捆机构组成的对数螺线式圆草捆成捆装置。对不同含水率的玉米秸秆进行了不同压力角的试验,试验结果表明:取压力角小于20°的对数螺线式喂料压捆过程,解决了圆形内腔的成捆室在喂入粗大、湿润、坚硬物料时的堵塞问题;对含水率为50%~70%的玉米秸秆,装置压力角α值取15°时,喂入速度和压捆速度匹配较好;装置对高含水率的玉米秸秆具有较好的适应性。     

影响直喷式柴油机挤流特征的几个因素

对3种不同结构燃烧室所对应的缸内流场进行了模拟研究，系统地分析了挤流的演变过程和柴油机转速、燃烧室结构、进气涡流对其特征的影响。在上止点前或后较大的曲轴转角范围内流场相似，逆挤流叠加于由气体惯性作用保持的环涡之上并集中于燃烧室边缘，燃烧室内速度和湍流度随柴油机转速和燃烧室缩口度同向变化。进气涡流是湍流生成的主要因素并使流场复杂化，随涡流和挤流相对强弱的变化，燃烧室内形成的环涡的个数、转向和强度不同。     

海水淡化多级泵轴向力试验

针对叶轮轴向力计算方法有多种,且不同经验公式计算的轴向力相差很大的情况,通过对海水淡化多级泵的单级模型泵进行轴向力试验,找出泵腔压力分别与泵流量、扬程以及泵腔径向尺寸的关系,并对传统轴向力理论计算公式进行修正.通过分析可知,轴向力传统理论计算公式的计算结果与轴向力试验数据有一定的差距,这主要是由于传统理论计算是在泵腔内液体以叶轮旋转角速度之半（ω/2）旋转的假设条件下得到的;但两者轴向力的变化趋势相同,均在关死点处达到最大值.用修正的理论公式得到的值与试验值在各流量点、各半径处均能较好的符合.     

Soil respiration across three contrasting ecosystem types: comparison of two portable IRGA systems

An accurate assessment of soil respiration is critical for understanding and predicting ecosystem responses to anthropogenic perturbation such as climate change, pollution, and agriculture. Infra‐red gas analyzer (IRGA)–based field measurement is the most widely used technique for assessing soil‐respiration flux rates. In this study, respiration rates obtained with two common IRGA systems (LI‐COR 8100 and PP Systems EGM‐4) were compared across three ecosystem types. Our results showed that both methods were highly comparable in their flux estimates, but the associated methodology used (notably the use or absence of a soil collar) resulted in greater uncertainty in flux rates and a greater degree of intrasite variation. Specifically, the use of collars significantly decreased the flux estimate for both IRGAs compared to the no‐collar estimate. The disturbance caused by collar insertion was assumed to be a major factor in causing the differing flux estimates, with root and mycorrhizal severance likely being the main contributor. We conclude that the two IRGAs used in this study can be reliably compared for overall flux estimates but emphasis is needed to validate a common measurement methodology.     

液黏调速离合器离心式油腔设计及其特性

液黏调速离合器是一种依靠多油膜剪切力传递扭矩的装置,尤其适合于大型风机、水泵等工程机械调速节能.由于其各摩擦副润滑油入口处油压、流量大小无法保证均匀一致,在实际工程应用中往往出现摩擦副过热、变形、偏磨等问题.为了解决此类问题,提出了一种新型离心油腔式液黏调速离合器.理论分析表明:充分利用油腔离心力的甩油作用可使得润滑油均匀地甩入各摩擦副.另外,基于流体动力学理论,建立了2种不同结构的三维流场模型,应用Fluent对流场进行数值模拟计算,研究了油腔结构和普通油道结构对喷油孔处压力和流速的分布规律.仿真结果表明:离心式油腔的设计可显著提高液黏调速离合器各摩擦副润滑油入口处油压及流量的均匀性,从而提升液黏调速离合器的工作性能,延长其工作寿命.     

新型卧式旋转干燥仓设计与优化

中国粮食干燥设备处于更新换代关键时期.在干燥过程中,干燥设备对粮食籽粒造成的机械损伤不容忽视.为克服传统粮食干燥设备对粮食品质造成的不利影响,本研究设计开发了一种新型卧式旋转干燥仓.该设备的特点是低温干燥,整仓缓慢旋转搅拌粮食,以保证粮食干燥后含水率的均一性,有效降低粮食干燥过程中的机械损伤,确保粮食干燥品质.本文详细...     

Online-monitoring of tree water stress in a hedgerow olive orchard using the leaf patch clamp pressure probe

The need for sophisticated irrigation strategies in fruit tree orchards has led to an increasing interest in reliable and robust sensor technology that allows automatic and continuous recording of the water stress of trees under field conditions. In this work we have evaluated the potential of the leaf patch clamp pressure (LPCP) probe for monitoring water stress in a 4-year-old ‘Arbequina’ hedgerow olive orchard with 1667 trees ha⁻¹. The leaf patch output pressure (P_p) measured by the LPCP probe is inversely correlated with the leaf turgor pressure (>50 kPa). Measurements of P_p were made over the entire irrigation season of 2010 (April to November) on control trees, irrigated up to 100% of the crop water needs (ET_c), and on trees under two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies. The 60RDI trees received 59.2% of ET_c and the 30RDI trees received 29.4% of ET_c. In the case of the RDI trees the irrigation amounts were particularly low during July and August, when the trees are less sensitive to water stress. At severe water stress levels (values of stem water potential dropped below ca. −1.70 MPa; turgor pressure < 50 kPa) half-inversed or completely inversed diurnal P_p curves were observed. Reason for these phenomena is the accumulation of air in the leaves. These phenomena were reversible. Normal diurnal P_p profiles were recorded within a few days after rewatering, the number depending on the level of water stress previously reached. This indicates re-establishment of turgescence of the leaf cells. Crucial information about severe water stress was derived from the inversed diurnal P_p curves. In addition P_p values measured on representative trees of all treatments were compared with balancing pressure (P_b) values recorded with a pressure chamber on leaves taken from the same trees or neighbored trees exposed to the same irrigation strategies. Concomitant diurnal P_b measurements were performed in June and September, i.e. before and after the period of great water stress subjected to RDI trees. Results showed close relationships between P_p and P_b, suggesting that the pressure chamber measures relative turgor pressure changes as the LPCP probe. Therefore the probe seems to be an advantageous alternative to the pressure chamber for monitoring tree water status in hedgerow olive tree orchards.     

生物质成型燃料热风炉燃烧室的设计与研究

针对国内外现有的生物质成型燃料燃烧设备,存在燃烧效率低、炉膛温度过高、积灰和结渣严重、不适合块状和棒状成型燃料的燃烧等问题,通过对国内外生物质成型燃料热风炉燃烧室的研究和借鉴,设计了新型生物质成型燃料热风炉的燃烧室。该新型生物质热风炉的燃烧室只是热风炉的燃烧部分,需要和独立的换热器配合使用。在我国可用于生产颗粒状成型燃料的木屑很少,但拥有大量的可生产块状和棒状成型燃料的作物秸秆。该新型生物质成型燃料热风炉的燃烧室主要是为了适应块状和棒状成型燃料的燃烧而设计,也可用于部分颗粒状成型燃料的燃烧,主要由进料机构、燃烧室部分和炉灰清除机构组成,实现了块状和棒状成型燃料的自动进料及炉灰的自动清除。该生物质成型燃料热风炉的燃烧室可有效减少固体燃料和挥发分气体的不充分燃烧,可将炉膛的温度控制在一定的范围内,减少了积灰和结渣的产生,并能有效地去除积灰和结渣。