塔里木河流域水量变化对生态环境影响分析

本文以塔里木河流域的10个水文站1961~2000年观测资料为基础,对塔里木河流域的径流变化及其对下游生态环境影响进行了分析。分析得出:(1)20世纪60年代以来,塔里木河各源流的出山口径流量增加23.82×108m3,增幅达14.97%,但是,能汇入塔里木河干流的水量并没有增加,而且比60年代减少了8.8×108m3,减幅达17.41%。(2)近40年以来,由于塔里木河干流上中游地区的耕地面积急剧扩大,用水量剧增,使下游的来水量比60年代减少7.72×108m3,减幅达76.13%。(3)由于塔里木河上中游耗水量的增加,塔里木河下游来水量逐年减少以至断流,由此造成下游生态环境出现较大的变化,主要表现有:河水盐化严重,灾害性天气出现的次数大幅增加,河道断流,地下水位下降,天然植被严重衰败,沙漠化过程加重。(4)实施塔里木河流域水资源的统一管理,统筹分配上、中、下游水量,调整大农业生产方向,完善流域节水改造配套工程,发展节水型农业,是塔里木河下游受损生态环境恢复与重建的关键。     

以树木年轮宽度资料重建湟水河过去248年来6-7月份河流径流量

基于树轮宽度指标,精确重建了黄河上游一级支流湟水河过去248年来6-7月份河流径流量,发现湟水河6-7月份径流量有明显的枯水期和丰水期的变化。重建结果与历史记载的相对旱涝时期比较吻合,证明了重建结果的可靠性。其中枯水期为:1753-1766年、1785-1802年、1815-1832年、1861-1887年、1918-1941年、1963-1978年、1993-1998年;丰水期为:1767-1784年、1803-1814年、1834-1860年、1891-1916年、1944-1961年、1979-1992年。周期分析表明,湟水河过去近250年6-7月份径流量有明显的2.00a、2.29a、2.31a、2.33a、2.35a、34.29a、40.00a和48.00a的变化周期。     

坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

近40 a黄河乌兰布和沙漠段河道演变特征

基于Landsat系列卫星遥感数据,利用目视解译法提取黄河乌兰布和沙漠段近40 a夏季河道演变特征值,对比分析两岸河道演变特征并分析其变化原因.结果表明:①以乌海水利枢纽为起点,1973-2015年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段左岸堆积面积最大的河段分布在11.5 ～36.7 km处,右岸堆积面积最大的河段分布在61.5～73.1 km处;②1973-2015年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段堆积与侵蚀总面积分别为82.73 km2和5.28 km2,其中1973-1989、1989-2000、2000-2005、2005-2008、2008-2010年和2010-2015年各时期的堆积速率分别为1.52 km2·a-1、2.36kim2·a-1、3.70km2 ·a-1、2.45 km2 ·a-1、1.22 km2·a-1和0.84 km2·a-1.黄河乌兰布和沙漠段整体呈现淤积状态,河道萎缩并向右迁移;③随着石嘴山水文站年均径流量的增大,河岸堆积速率呈逐渐降低趋势,而侵蚀速率变化趋势则正好相反.该研究有利于了解黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段的河道演变特征,为沙漠地区植被恢复及当地环境的治理提供理论依据.     

气候变化对台兰河年平均径流量的影响

以台兰河为研究对象,选用台兰水文站1957-2011年平均流量序列,采用SPSS统计软件对其55 a序列进行趋势分析。结果显示：台兰河径流与降水量的年内分配极不均匀,径流主要集中在夏秋两季,降水量集中在春夏两季,径流与降水量集中期主要分布在7月。识别和提取台兰河年平均流量时间序列的趋势函数QS(t),获得了相应的趋势回归模型;台兰河年平均流量序列存在1957-1981年、1981-1999年、1999-2011年3个时段呈递减→递增→递减变化态势;降水、气温变化是影响台兰河不同时段年平均流量变化的主要因素,年平均径流量变化趋势与气温、降水变化趋势一致。     

Photochromic fabrics with improved durability and photochromic performance

Previously, we have reported a method for producing photochromic wool fabric by applying a thin layer of hybrid silica-photochromic dye onto the wool surface. While the photochromic coating showed a very fast optical response and had little influence on the fabric handle, its durability was poor. In this study, the durability of the photochromic coating layer was improved by introducing epoxy groups into the silica matrix via co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of an alkyl trialkoxysilane compound (ATAS) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The presence of epoxy groups in the silica enhanced both washing and abrasion durability or fastness. In addition, the optical response speed was slightly increased as well. Effects of the type of alkyl silane and the GPTMS/alkyl silane ratio on the coating durability, fabric handle and optical response were examined.     

基于SWAT模型的内蒙古锡林河流域降水-径流特征及不同水文年径流模拟研究

以我国北方寒旱区草原中典型流域——锡林河流域为研究对象,结合我国北方寒旱区草原型河流流域的气候特点、下垫面条件及水文过程的特殊性,通过分析锡林河流域近30 a的降水—径流变化特征,利用锡林河水文站的年径流频率曲线,采用一定保证率条件下的年径流量作为划分流域丰平枯水年的标准,对锡林河流域历史水文年进行划分。基于此基础,以ARCSWAT2012为操作平台,应用地理统计分析方法,对模型建立过程中所需的各数据库进行基础数据整备与参数化,分析影响模型径流模拟精度的主要参数,进行模型的参数率定与结果精度评价,分别对锡林河流域各丰、平、枯水年进行径流模拟,并对其结果进行了检验。结果表明:SWAT模型对细化流域降水—径流分配的径流模拟具有不同的精度,即平水年 > 偏丰水年 > 丰水年 > 偏枯水年 > 枯水年,体现出SWAT模型在中国北方寒旱区丰水年和平水年具有较好的可操作性。     

Soil loss and runoff on semiarid land as amended with urban solid refuse

Organic amendment is a proved method of improving soil physical properties thus affecting runoff and soil erosion. Urban wastes are a potential source of organic matter and their use would also be a convenient way of disposing of them. A field experiment was conducted from October 1988 to September 1993 in a semiarid Mediterranean site to determine the effect of applying several rates (65, 130, 195 and 260 Mg ha⁻¹) of organic urban solid refuse (USR) on total runoff and soil loss. At the lowest rate, total runoff decreased by 67 per cent compared to the control plot. The decrease was 98 per cent when the highest rate was used. The lowest rate reduced total sediment loss by 81 per cent and the highest rate of 99 per cent. The decrease in soil erodibility at the different USR rates varied from 76 to 95 per cent depending on the year for the lowest rate and between 90 and 99 per cent for the other rates. Clear differences in the hydrologic and erosion responses were found between the eight initial rainfall events (during the first 10 months of the experiment) and the remainder of the events. The causes of such differences were due to the initial tillage of the soil by rotovation and the growth of natural vegetation in the treated plots. The mechanical effect of tillage reduced runoff and increased soil erodibility, although the effect was short‐lived. The addition of USR reduced runoff but lasted longer. An applied rate of 90–100 Mg ha⁻¹ could be considered suitable for application in semiarid zones. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Argentine ant control around homes: efficacy of treatments and urban runoff

ABSTRACT

Pest management professionals in California receive more customer complaints about Argentine ants than for any other urban ant pest. Fipronil, applied as a 30 × 30 cm band around the house foundation, has become the preferred treatment used to control these ants. Unfortunately, fipronil is now showing up in urban waterways at levels that are toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Our recent studies are aimed at mitigating insecticide runoff while still controlling the ant infestations. A high priority is preventing fipronil runoff from the driveway to the street, where it can flow into drains and from there to urban waterways. In this paper, two related studies address these issues. Not treating driveways with fipronil reduced by two to three orders of magnitude its runoff when compared with earlier studies. However, not treating the driveway can reduce efficacy of treatments. Granular bifenthrin, indoxacarb, botanicals, and a thiamethoxam ant bait were tested as supplemental treatments. The gel bait showed the best result as a supplement, but only after 8 weeks. We have reduced fipronil runoff while maintaining efficacy of the ant treatments.