Zn and Pb release of sphalerite (ZnS)-bearing mine waste tailings

Background, aim, and scope  Contaminated mine drainage water has become a major hydrogeological and geochemical problem. Release of soluble metal contaminants and acidity from mining sites can pose serious chemical risks to surface and groundwater in the surrounding environment, and it is an important socio-economic factor addressed by working groups like SUITMA Morel and Heinrich (J Soils Sediments 8:206–207, 2008). The release of Zn and Pb from sulfide-bearing flotation residues of a small scale mine in Western Germany is investigated with focus on metal transfer to soil solution. Total contents of the soil material as well as soil water sampled with suction cups were analyzed. The influence of pH on leaching behavior was investigated with pH_stat tests. Isotopic analyses helped assessing seepage water velocity. The aim of this study was the assessment of the environmental behavior of zinc and lead caused by the weathering of sulfide-bearing mine tailings. Especially, we address in this paper the dissolution of sphalerite (ZnS) in contrast to the well-known dissolution processes of pyrite (FeS₂). Materials and methods  Total metal contents of the soil samples were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, total C concentration was measured using a CHNS elemental analyzer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were recorded from powdered soil samples. Soil water was sampled in nylon suction cups. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and temperature of the soil water samples were measured in the field immediately after sampling. Major anions (F, Cl, NO₂, NO₃, SO₄) were analyzed by ion chromatography, major cations (Ca, Na, K, Li) were analyzed by flame photometry, heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, and Mg) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Tritium was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), ¹⁸O and ²H were analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). pH_stat tests were performed at four different pH values between 2 and 5. Results  Total Zn contents of the soil samples averaged 10 g kg⁻¹, Pb contents averaged 2.5 g kg⁻¹, Fe 22 g kg⁻¹, S 8.0 g kg⁻¹, and total carbon 4.0 g kg⁻¹. Below 2-m depth, soil samples had neutral pH values. Toward the surface, pH decreased down to pH 5.4 in P1 and P3, and to pH 5.9 in core P2, respectively. Dissolved contents of major ions (Mg, Ca, K, SO₄, and HCO₃) in the soil solution increased with depth. Metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn) decreased with depth. The solution pH was neutral to slightly alkaline in samples below 2 m and slightly acidic (pH 6) at 1 m depth. Tritium values are around 7 TU and correspond to modern rain, i.e., after 1975. Stable isotope values plot on the global meteoric water line. The pH_stat tests provide two kinds of information, the acid neutralization capacity after 24 h (ANC24) and the release of metals depending on pH. The ANC24 increases linearly with decreasing pH from about 60 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹ at pH 5 to about 460 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹ at pH 2. Zn and Fe release show a strong increase with decreasing pH to 126 and 142 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹, respectively. Pb release increases at pH <4 and Mn release at pH <5, both to about 10 mmol(eq) kg⁻¹. Discussion  With an average of 10 g kg⁻¹, this field site is highly enriched in Zn. In the oxidized topsoil, Zn concentrations are significantly lower than in the anoxic subsoil. The distribution pattern of total Zn contents and soil pH values indicate that the topsoil, which is prone to oxidation and acidification, is already depleted in Zn. Only in soil core P2, Zn (and Fe) contents in the topsoil were higher than in the subsoil. Oxidation of the sulfidic material leads to redistribution into mobilizable species. High soil water concentrations (10 to 15 mg L⁻¹) can be found at acidic pH. The dominant Zn species in the soil solution is Zn²⁺. At neutral pH, Zn concentrations are below 0.001 mg L⁻¹. During the soil passage, the contaminated seepage water enters the anoxic subsoil with pH buffering carbonates. Results indicate that Zn is immobilized there. However, when the acid neutralization capacity is exhausted, a breakthrough of dissolved Zn to the groundwater has to be expected. Lead averages 2.5 g kg⁻¹ inside the flotation dump. In contrast to Zn, the first centimeters of the oxidized topsoil with high TOC contents show higher Pb contents than the anoxic subsoil. About 80% of the cation exchange capacity in the topsoil is occupied by Pb. In contrast to Zn, Pb is not abundant as aqueous species at slightly acidic pH. Values lower than pH 4 are necessary to mobilize Pb in higher amounts, as pH_stat experiments confirm. Hence, Pb is not expected to be leached out until the buffer capacity of the soil is exhausted. Conclusions  The environmental fate and behavior of Zn and Pb in the flotation dump is strongly depending on pH and redox conditions. Oxidation of sphalerite leads to a transfer of Zn from immobile to easily mobilizable species. Sulfide oxidation leads to an acidification of the topsoil where the buffer capacity is already exhausted due to the leaching of carbonates. At acidic pH, Zn is transferred to the aqueous phase and leached to the subsoil where soil pH is neutral. Electron supply and the buffer capacity of the material are found to be the main factors controlling the mobility of Zn. In contrast, the transfer of comparable amounts of Pb to the aqueous phase requires pH values <4. Since Pb is enriched in the topsoil, not leaching to the groundwater, but direct uptake (e.g., children, animals) and uptake by plants is the highest environmental risk. If the acidification of the soil proceeds with the same rate as in the last 40 years, it will reach the bottom of the tailing in about 200 years and a breakthrough of metals to the groundwater has to be expected. Recommendations and perspectives  The behavior of the different metals and their environmental impact depends on the different metal properties as well as on external conditions, e.g. pH, redox conditions, buffer capacity, and groundwater recharge. To assess the future release of metals from a flotation dump it is crucial to determine the main processes leading to acidification, the buffer capacity, and heavy metal binding forms. The release of heavy metals to the groundwater could be prevented by liming or other buffering techniques de Andrade et al. (J Soils Sediments 8:123–129, 2008). Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

狼毒根原料特点及其中柱制备糠醛研究

瑞香狼毒是我国北方草原上典型的多年生草本毒植物,资源化利用是新的治理思想和方式。以青海湖南岸的狼毒为研究对象,对其根部原料特征、化学成分和中柱部分制备糠醛进行了测定分析。结果表明:狼毒根皮层厚度与其最大直径呈直线关系;含水量为4.5%时,狼毒根中柱密度(0.72 g/cm~3)略高于皮层密度(0.69 g/cm~3);狼毒根中柱与皮层的化学成分有较大差异。由于狼毒根中柱部分聚戊糖含量较高,适合作为制备糠醛的原料,本研究中糠醛的得率为8.2%,与目前工业常用的原料蔗渣相仿。研究结果可为狼毒资源化提供参考依据。     

窝眼窄缝式气吸滚筒排种装置的试验

为了实现超级稻工厂化育秧,保证作业质量,研制了窝眼窄缝式气吸滚筒排种试验装置。以超级稻“培杂泰丰”为研究对象,采用4因素3水平正交试验设计方法,研究了窝眼半径、窄缝宽度、真空度和滚筒转速对播种空穴率、重播率和合格率的影响规律。通过对试验结果的分析,得出了影响空穴率和合格率的主次顺序为窝眼半径＞真空度＞滚筒转速＞窄缝宽度;影响重播率的主次顺序为窝眼半径＞滚筒转速＞窄缝宽度＞真空度;最佳参数组合为窝眼半径5.5 mm、真空度4 kPa、滚筒转速为0.82 rad/s和窄缝宽度1 mm。经验证,在最佳参数下,播     

具有诱导轮的高速离心泵汽蚀特性试

采用闭式流体输送试验台,对具有前置诱导轮的高速离心泵进行了汽蚀特性试验研究,比较分析了无诱导轮、单个及串联诱导轮3种工况下诱导轮对离心泵性能及汽蚀性能的影响.发现前置单个或串联诱导轮对离心泵的性能影响并不显著,单个诱导轮的离心泵性能相对于无诱导轮的离心泵性能稍有下降,具有串联诱导轮的离心泵扬程和效率与无诱导轮离心泵相比稍有增加;但采用串联诱导轮可有效提高离心泵的汽蚀性能.     

圆形网衣在水流作用下的运动变形特性

研究网衣在水流作用下的运动变形是深入了解网箱耐流特性的关键。本研究基于集中质量点法,建立了圆形网衣在水流作用下的数值计算模型,并利用前人的试验结果对数值模型进行了验证。验证结果表明,无论是网衣的变形还是受力情况,模拟结果都与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,针对实际应用中的圆形网衣,在不同配重(GW1=400kg、GW2=800kg)和流速(U=0.3～0.9m/s)条件下,对网衣变形、网衣底端前后点位移、网衣底端倾角进行了数值模拟,探讨了流速、配重大小对网衣运动变形特性的影响。结果表明,水流速度的增大会加剧网衣的变形,在配重GW1、流速U=0.75m/s时,网衣容积损失率达到50%以上。网衣底端前点的水平位移大于后点的水平位移,前点的垂直位移则小于后点的垂直位移,随着流速的增大,网衣底端前后点的位移差异将更为明显。当配重增加时,网衣底端位移、倾角以及网衣容积损失率可相应减小,网衣变形得到一定改善。数值模拟证明,本研究所建立的数值计算模式具有较好的稳定性和解的收敛性,可为下一步波浪、流联合作用下的整体网箱模拟奠定良好的理论基础。     

油菜联合收获机滚筒筛式复清装置设计与试验

针对油菜联合收获机脱粒分离作业后脱出物组分杂,籽粒细小不易分离,导致清选作业清洁率低、人工复清劳动强度大等问题,设计了一种挂接在粮箱上的模块化滚筒筛式复清装置。基于运动学与动力学分析了物料提升螺旋输送器和筛分装置的结构参数与运行参数范围;以滚筒筛式复清装置的损失率、清洁率及筛分效率为评价指标,以滚筒筛转速、筛网内助流螺旋叶片螺距和筛孔直径为影响因素,基于EDEM开展了三因素三水平正交试验,确定了最佳参数组合,并利用收获关键部件试验台开展了验证试验。仿真结果表明：当喂入量为0.6kg/s时,滚筒筛式复清装置的较优参数组合为筛孔直径5mm、滚筒筛转速105r/min、筛网内助流螺旋叶片螺距250mm,此时滚筒筛式复清装置损失率为0.92%、清洁率为98.96%、筛分效率为95.12%。台架验证试验表明,带有滚筒筛式复清装置的清选系统工作顺畅,在最佳参数组合条件下,滚筒筛式复清装置的损失率为0.96%、清洁率为98.67%、筛分效率为95.36%,对比未增加滚筒筛式复清装置前清洁率提升了4.38个百分点。研究可为油菜联合收获机清选装置结构改进和优化提供参考。     

纹杆块与钉齿组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒的设计与试验

为解决黄淮海地区玉米直接进行籽粒收获破碎率和未脱净率高的问题,该文在分析现有脱粒滚筒结构特点的基础上,设计了组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒,选取滚筒转速、滚筒倾角和凹板间隙为试验因素,在自制的玉米脱粒试验台上进行了单因素试验和正交试验,并运用SAS统计分析软件对试验结果进行了分析。单因素试验结果表明:随着滚筒转速的增大,籽粒破碎率先降低后升高,未脱净率则急剧减小并趋于稳定;随着滚筒倾角的增大,籽粒破碎率和未脱净率则逐渐变小;随着凹板间隙的增大,籽粒破碎率先降低后升高,未脱净率先升高后降低并趋于稳定。正交试验结果表明:影响籽粒破碎率和未脱净率的主次因素顺序均为滚筒转速、滚筒倾角、凹板间隙,且转速430 r/min、滚筒倾角6?和凹板间隙55 mm时籽粒破碎率和未脱净率均最低。该研究可为高含水率玉米脱粒滚筒的设计提供参考。     

弹齿滚筒式捡拾器捡拾油菜试验研究

为了降低油菜分段收获作业中捡拾损失率,将弹齿滚筒式捡拾装置安装于室内土槽台车上,模拟田间作业环境设计制作了弹齿滚筒式油菜捡拾试验台,进行了台架试验和响应面分析。得到捡拾辊转速、机具前进速度和弹齿伸入留茬深度三因素对捡拾损失率影响的回归方程的数学模型;确定了三因素中按影响捡拾损失的因素显著性顺序从大到小为：捡拾装置转速、机具前进速度、弹齿伸入留茬深度。当捡拾辊转速为90 r/min,机具前进速度为0.7 m/s,弹齿伸入留茬深度为250 mm时,捡拾性能指标达到最优。     

双作用多级液压缸优化设计探讨

双作用多级液压缸具有运行行程长、设置距离短等优点,在起重机械、运输车辆、工程机械等领域应用广泛,而传统双作用多级液压缸在实际应用中暴露出一些问题,为了确保双作用多级液压缸良好的使用性能,应做好优化设计,完善双作用多级液压缸结构设计。文章分析了传统双作业多级液压缸存在的问题,阐述了双作业多级液压缸的优化设计内容,以供参考。     

Numerical simulation of contact problems in high pressure reciprocating pump systems

The cylinder bodies of reciprocating pumps easily fail from cracks due to complex external loads. Based on the working principle of reciprocating pumps, hydrodynamics, and a numerical method for surface to surface contact problems, a contact model involving a cylinder body, a valve base, and a valve pocket is established. Considering pressure fluctuation, flow pulsation, alternate loads, and the impact of the inlet and outlet valves, a finite element model for the complete system is established. Using this model, the contact state of the complete system is analyzed, and the stress distribution, contact state, contact stress distribution of the interface, and position of the weak part are obtained.